health problems

who is the president of the council of scientific and industrial research on india?

2010-05-23T21:21:00.001-07:00

Answers:
Dr. R A Mashelkar is the Director General and not the president. There is nobody called the president in CSIR. Go and see his profile on the page
http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/ab.

Dr. R.A. Mashlekar , the main scientist in this field !!

and you mean there is a council of scientific and industrial research in india.. THAT is news.

Neil Diamond.

Prime Minister of India

who is the person who specialize the posture?

2010-05-23T21:21:00.000-07:00

Answers:
Chiropracter

Posture is the window to the spine and poor posture can indicate there is a problem with a person鈥檚 spine and nervous system. One of the first indicators of poor posture is a slouching or forward head posture. This posture closes down on lymphatic drainage in the neck and will cause more strain on the posterior neck muscles. It also increases the weight bearing on the discs and can lead to premature arthritis of the neck. There are many causes of this type of posture including car accidents, sports injuries, working with computers and loss of bone density.Most people involved in automobile accidents in which the head in whipped back and forth will suffer loss of the normal spinal curvature in the neck. When this occurs, the weight of the head, approximately 12 pounds or so, is displaced and places pressure on the discs, muscles and nerves of the cervical spine. This leads to muscle strain in order to balance the weight of the head and uneven wearing of the discs and joints of the cervical spine.Another common posture problem is a forward tilt of the pelvis causing anterior weight bearing, an increase in the lumbar lordosis (curvature) and associated muscle weakness. This can lead to chronic lower back pain, muscle pain, sciatica, leg weakness, lower extremity circulation problems and much more. The abnormal spinal weight bearing associated with this type of posture can lead to premature spinal arthritis of the joints and discs.Analyzing posture from the front, we look for changes in the stance, i.e. the outward turning of one or both feet. Also, the alignment of the knees, the leveling of the hips or pelvis, the height differences across the shoulders and tilting of the head and neck. From the side we look for forward tilting of the pelvis, forward head translation and increase in the spinal curvatures. All of these changes add up to changes in the spine. We also observe a person while walking to see if there are gait changes. Gait, or the walking cycle, is an important indicator of how improper foot alignment affects spinal posture.As mentioned above, posture is the window to the spine. Distortions in spinal alignment are indications of vertebral subluxation - a condition treated only by chiropractors. The vertebral subluxation is a misalignment of the spinal vertebra effecting the spinal joints and discs causing changes in nerve function and irritating the spinal musculature. Chronic subluxations lead to spinal disc and joint arthritis. Subluxation affects the function of the nerve and any area of the body supplied by that nerve. Multiple subluxations can affect multiple organs, glands and system of the body leading to ill health.Chiropractors are experts at analyzing posture and spinal problems. They are trained in the art of detection. A doctor of chiropractic searches for the problems that exist underneath poor posture. Analyzing spinal curvatures and alignment, the doctor searches for the problems that contribute to the postural pattern he or she observes.

Chiropractor

Who is the legal owner of a baby's foreskin after it's been cut off?

2010-05-23T21:20:00.002-07:00

(Who is the legal owner of a baby's foreskin before it's cut off?)http://www.foreskin.org/f4sale.htm.
Answers:
Don't know if its true or not but I have heard that the hospitals sell them to research labs, and burn centers. Some are made into cold medicine and some are in cosmetics.
If they charge to cut it off and then sell it for a profit they are making mega bucks off circumcisions. They sholud at least cut if off for free.

The family dog.

mother earth!

who is the founder of Homeopathy?

2010-05-23T21:20:00.001-07:00

Answers:
The term "homeopathy" was coined by the Saxon physician Christian Friedrich Samuel Hahnemann (1755鈥?843) and first appeared in print in 1807.he is founder too

HANEAMANN

Samuel Hahnemann is the father of Homeopathy.

Dr. Hahnemann

The homeo is a system of medicine practiced by Hypocrites(468 - 377 BC) and further developed by Samuel Hahnemann(1755- 1843 )

Dr. Hahnemann

Dr Homeo Hannimen

Dr SAMUEL HAHNEMANN is the founding father of homeopathy. but the true philosophy of homeopathy was derived by him from ayurveda when he was translating sanskrit vedic documents into english. the first homeopathic medicine which he derived was cinchona bark for malaria

Who is the foremost authority for RSD (Reflex Sympethetic Dystrophy) ?

2010-05-23T21:20:00.000-07:00

Answers:
David D. Sherry, MD.Reflex sympathetic dystrophy: "Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a chronic condition characterized by severe pain following injury to bone and soft tissue. The International Association for the Study of Pain has divided CRPS into two types based on the presence of nerve lesion following the injury. Type I, also known as Reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) or Sudeck's atrophy (or sometimes known as RND "Reflex Neurovascular Dystrophy" [childhoodrnd.org]) or algoneurodystrophy, does not have demonstrable nerve lesions, while type II, also known as causalgia, has evidence of obvious nerve lesions. The cause of these syndromes is currently unknown. Reasearch shows it may be caused by psychological stress, or illness, along with the possiblility of injury (childhoodrnd.org)."Best wishes,pup

try

who is the father of medical science?

2010-05-23T21:19:00.003-07:00

Answers:
Generally either Hippocrates or Galen. But there are lots of other candidates. The trick is defining what is meant by "science" in medicine. Truly scientific medicine didn't really begin until the time of Louis Pasteur.

Hi. Hippocrates.

William Jolly--father of medical science in South Africa.Belonje PC.Department of Physiology, University of Cape Town.William Jolly graduated in medicine at Edinburgh University in 1906 and became research assistant to Sir Edward Sharpey Schafer. He also mastered various techniques in electrophysiology under Einthoven, graduating D.Sc. in 1911. In 1911 he was appointed first Professor of Physiology and in 1918 first Dean of the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Cape Town. He conducted and stimulated research there and in recognition thereof was awarded an Honorary LI.D. by Edinburgh University and a special allowance from the University of Cape Town. He was President of the Royal Society of South Africa, a trustee of the South African Museum and a member of the National Research Council and Board.Publication Types:
Biography
Historical Article

Paracelsus

Hippocrates is considered the father of Medicine. There is an oath named after him which we (doctors) have to take.

who is the ancient father of medicine?

2010-05-23T21:19:00.002-07:00

assignment that would be passed tomorrow
Answers:
Hippocrates, father of Medicine
Hippocrates studied at the temple of Asclepius (god of medicine) on the island of Cos. He emphasised on observation and believed that all illness rived from natural causes.The Hippocratic Collection is a group of manuscripts attributed to Hippocrates, but kept or written by his numerous followers. The Hippocratic Oath, nowadays sworn to by men about to enter medical practice, is based on a code of ethical conduct appearing in the Hippocratic Collection

hippocratis.i dunno

Aescalapius. It is his staff used as an insignia on medical facilities and unifoms.

Hippocrates is usually credited, but there's an argument that it should be Imhotep of the Egyptians.http://www.nbufront.org/html/mastersmuse.

Hypocrates, That is why it is called the Hypocratic oath

For some alternative medicine (and a good laugh) look at plini the elder. Some good remedies there!

who is sebastian mirkin?

2010-05-23T21:19:00.001-07:00

Answers:
Dr Sebastian Mirkin, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, USA

Please see Google search on Dr.Sebasian Mirkin. He has conducted reseach on the effect of progesterone/progestins on vascular endothelial growth factor VEGF mRNA in breast cancer cells. Angiogenesis in breast cancer.

who is known as the father of psychology?

2010-05-23T21:19:00.000-07:00

Answers:
Wilhelm Wundt is considered to be the Father of Psychology.
Sigmund Freud is considered to be the Father of Psychoanalysis.

Freud

sigmund freud

Freud

Wilhelm Wundt

Hi. Wilhelm Wundt?

Most say Freud

Wilhelm Wundt - father of psychology

Sigmund Freud

Im pretty sure it is Sigmund Freud.

Sigmund Freud, or Carl Jung

Sigmund Freud earlier. But then there was another guy who came and change lot of concepts. I am sorry I forgot his name.

I say Sigmund Freud, what say you?

Freud.

Wilhelm Wundt

Sigmund Freud Known as the father of psychology, Freud developed many of the first theories of modern physiology. His ideas and concepts will continue to be studied through the years. He put forth many new concepts about sexuality, consciousness, unconsciousness and instincts. He spent his whole life devoted to discovering the secrets of the human nature. Personally I think this guy was weird. Sigmund Freud was born on May 6, 1856 in Freiburg. The town of Freiburg later became Pribor and was eventually absorbed into the modern state of Czechoslovakia.

who is kathy sykes?

2010-05-23T21:18:00.003-07:00

Answers:
Kathy Sykes
Professor Kathy Sykes (b.1967) is a British physicist and academic, who has held the post of Collier Chair For Public Engagement In Science And Engineering at the University of Bristol since 2001. She makes frequent appearances on British television and radio, including being one of the scientists on the Open University/BBC Two challenge show Rough Science and a team captain on BBC Four's puzzle panel game, Mind Games. Her other TV credits include co-hosting Ever Wondered. About Food (2001) and writing and presenting Alternative Medicine (2005).

Kathy Sykes is a science communicator working on a variety of projects, including being a Director of the Cheltenham Festival of Science. Before that she was Head of Science for Explore@Bristol, a new 'hands-on' science centre, coming up with ideas for the content of the centre.Kathy is a physicist, with a PhD (looking into a biodegradable plastic) from Bristol University and is still doing some post-doc research there. She did her first degree there too - then went to teach Maths and Physics A-level in Zimbabwe for 3 years with VSO.

Who is fit Those who evolve?The survival of the fitest Evolutionist ;they seem to all drop dead? It cant be?

2010-05-23T21:18:00.002-07:00

Some body has to be fit .Unless the Theory is bogus?
Answers:
"Survival of the fittest" is indeed a misleading formulation. There is no absolute measurement for fitness - what makes you more likely to survive today might hinder you tomorrow and vice versa. So it is not like everything is striving upwards that previously determined fitness slope. Therefore many of the interpretations of Darwinism from early last century where wrong. You can't derive rules from evolution like "society should weed out weak indivudals" or stuff like that. It follows that the only thing that really matters in terms of evolution is to survive, or more precisely, to exist. Personally I go as far as to say that "reproduce as much as possible" is not the only strategy. I consider stones as a special case of evolution - they manage to survive for a very long time, too. I see evolution as just "the likely thing will happen".As for dropping dead: it is not the individual that evolution operates on. It is the population, ie the gene that evokes a specific behaviour. Death can also be predetermined by evolution, because it might be benefitial for the population.Edit: in reply to your additional comment, thanks, and I am not saying that death is necessarily always a good idea. Humans live quite long, probably also because they are costly to manufacture. Insects don't live very long, but are also very successful. We humans are free to set our own goals for life, and if it is to live long and well, so be it. The ones who figure out how to live longer will live longer ;-)

Clearly not you. Please die now.Thank you.

"fit" means intelligent enough to feed yourself and your mate, physically healthy enough to be able to overcome most common diseases, and kind enough to not have an entire society at your throat, threatening your existence. those who are fit are those who live long enough to reproduce, and whose offspring are also fit enough (by the above definition) to reproduce, and so on.

"Survival of the fittest" is a particularly bad way to explain evolution. Evolution has nothing to do with being "fit", but everything to do with successfully raising offspring.In other words, if one individual has many surviving offspring who mate and bear offspring of their own, then that individual's genes will be widely spread in the descendent's population. In effect, that individuals genes have been evolutionarily selected for.On the other hand, if an individual can't manage to raise any surviving offspring, the genes of that individual will be gone from the gene pool. In evolutionary terms, that individual's genes have been selected against.Suppose a spontaneous mutation arises in a gene. If that mutation gives the individual a competitive advantage at raising offspring, then that individual will be like the first example and widely spread the gene to subsequent generations.On the other hand, suppose the spontaneous mutation made it more difficult to raise offspring. In that case, the individual would have fewer offspring than others and the gene would be underrepresented (or absent altogether) from the subsequent gene pool.The concept of speciation is simply that over many, many generations there will be a lot of spontaneous mutations. The ones that are helpful will be preserved in a population, and the ones that are harmful will (eventually) be removed. In this way, the genetic makeup of an isolated population can slowly change until it has effectively become a new species.Of course, this doesn't prove that evolution is what is happening. One good experiment to the contrary and evolution goes out the window. However, until that happens evolution is going to remain the foundation of modern biosciences.

Who is better able to perform minor operations say an appendix..A physican's assistant or a nurse pratictioner

2010-05-23T21:18:00.001-07:00

Say I am on a desert island and one of each were on the island. And only one had to make the final cuts and make the final say on where to cut. Which of the 2 would you rather do it. Say they both have 5 years as a PA and NP. Who is better and why? Which of the 2 would you rather make the final decision on which antibiotic to give to your child? One last one.which one would you rather deliver your baby?
Answers:
np of coarse.
they are almost dr. and a pa is a nice name for a nurse

PA Want to bet

In the case you can only chose one to make the decisions I would choose the physican's assistant in this case because she has plenty of practicing in watching the doctor doing. That is what they are there for to learn.
But to give my child medicine I would want the Nurse Practictioner.
And to deliver my baby.Nurse Practictioner.most have general experience there.

I'd want a general surgeon.

who is Abraham Maslow and what is his concepts and contribution.thanks a lot people?

2010-05-23T21:18:00.000-07:00

who is Abraham MaslowHis concepts and contributionThanks a lot people..god bless
Answers:
He came up with the hierarchy of needs. First and foremost people need their physiological needs met (eg food and water) then they need safety, love and belonging, esteem and actualisation. You can find plenty of information if you do a search on "Abraham Maslow".CheersAudrey
www.animalhomebusiness.com

Abraham Maslow proposed an influential humanistic theory, his concept of of a "needs heirarchy". he also devoted much attebtion to the study of people who, in his terms, are "psychologically healthy". these are the individuals who have attained high levels of self actualization- a statein which they have reached their fullest potential. what are such people like? in essence, much like the fully functioning persons described by Rogers.
self actualization people accept themselves for what they are; they recognise their shortcomings aswll as their strengths.
being in touch with their own eprsonalities, they are less inhibited and less likely to conform than most of us.
Self actualized people are well aware of the rules imposed by society, but feel greater freedom to ignore them than most people.
unlike most of us, they seem to retaintheir childhood wonder and amazement with the world. for them, life continues to be an exciting adventure rather than a boring routine. finnaly, slef actualized persons sometimes have what Maslow describes as peak experiences-- instances in which they have powerful fellings of unity with the universe and fell tremendous waves of power and wonder. Such experinces appear to be linked to personal growth, for aftr them individualsreport feeling ,ore spontaneous, more appreciative of life, and less concerned with the problems of everyday life.
examples of people Maslow describes as fully self actualized are Thomas jefferson, Albert Einstein, Eleanor Roosevetl, and George Washington Carver

Who is a real doctor ?

2010-05-23T21:17:00.003-07:00

Answers:
My sister is a Doctor of Clinical Psychology and has taken an oath:"first do no harm"A real doc does not manipulate, profit from others misery and genuinely cares about peoples well-being..desiring to improve his or her patients lives.

I have a doctorate in forbidden sciences, and for $30.00, so can you. Praise "Bob".

Dr. Whoopass

What do you mean by that?Someone with MBBS or BDS is a real doc.

In many ways that is a philophical question these days. MD, PhD, DO, Natropaths, Chiropractors, etc. all claim to be doctors. However, it depends on what country you live in as to who is considered a REAL doctor..medical doctor that is which is what I think was your question.

our mother is the real doctor
then only others are

mother

Someone with enough education to receive a doctorate degree. Does that answer your question or are you wanting all with doctor degrees to come forth?? No me.

1. health services somebody medically qualified: somebody qualified and licensed to give people medical treatment 2. health services dentist, veterinarian, or osteopath: a title used before the names of health professionals such as dentists, veterinarians, and osteopaths 3. education somebody with highest university degree: a title given to somebody who has been awarded a doctorate, the highest level of degree awarded by a university
4. somebody who can fix things: a skilled practitioner of something, especially fixing or improving something
a play doctor

5. christianity Roman Catholic theologian: in the earlier history of the Roman Catholic Church, an eminent and influential theologian
6. education teacher or scholar: a teacher or somebody very knowledgeable ( archaic )

your question is probably more philosophical than to do with literary meaning of doctor. You should be more detailedyou can check following linkhttp://www.thefreedictionary.com/doctor.

Someone's who's got a LEGAL medical degree.

..one who can cure u..

a person who can cure save others from death..

The defination of a doctor- who can make bill of his patient according to the financial position of the patient.

we-eelllllllll someone who has a phD in any field or anything.i have a phD in asskicking.does that make me a REAL doctor?

who is known as the father of computers?

2010-05-23T21:17:00.002-07:00

Answers:
most likely Al Gore since according to him, he invented the internet :-)

Alan Turing, is widely considered to be the father of modern computer science. Charles Babbage is also considered the father of Computers because he invented Diffence Engine and then Analytical Engine.

You do realize that computers are non-organic, hence, do not really have fathers?You really need to learn to use websearch:
http://www.dogpile.com/info.dogpl/search.

Charles Babbage is the father of computers

Oh my god child you did not know that -its Charles babbage

CHARLes bAggage

CHARLES BABBAGE ONLY.

the onle father considered as the charles babbage.

Alan Turing is honored ss'Father of Computer'.Al Gore claimed he is 'Father of Computer'.And also Charles Babbage is considered as the 'Father of Computer' b'coz he only invented the 'counting machine' called The Difference Engine %26 the father of the DIGITAL computer is John V. Atanasoff.

its charles babbage.. with his invention, the analytical engine, its where the computer is patterned.

Its my father's father!!Just Kidding.As everyone in the house says..Its Mr. Charles Babbage.doesnt his surname perfectly rhyme with cabbage?? Im going to write a poem on that guy soon.LOL.

Charles Babbage is known as the father of computers.(Charles Babbage (25 December 1791 鈥?22 October 1873) was an English mathematician, analytical philosopher, mechanical engineer and (proto-) computer scientist who originated the idea of a programmable computer. Parts of his uncompleted mechanisms are on display in the London Science Museum. In 1991, working from Babbage's original plans, a difference engine was completed, and functioned perfectly. )

charles babbage
http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/refpages/s.

charles babbage

I think its Charles Babbage

who invented the polio vaccine?

2010-05-23T21:17:00.001-07:00

Answers:
Jonas Salk invented the injectable polio vaccine in 1952. Albert Sabin invented the oral polio vaccine in 1957.

JOnas Salk.

jonas salk

Salk:Injectable
Sabin:Oral

who invented the polio vaccine?

2010-05-23T21:17:00.000-07:00

Answers:
JONAS SALK

Jonas Salk

Sabin --- the Oral Polio Vaccine which is currently being used.

Good summary.http://www.accessexcellence.org/ae/aec/c.

SALK

Who invented the IV?

2010-05-23T21:16:00.003-07:00

I heard somewhere that a black man invented the IV? Is this true? What was his name? I want to get this confirmed for Black History Month.
Answers:
IVs are implemented differently in block ciphers and in stream ciphers. In straight-forward operation of block ciphers or so-called Electronic Code Book (ECB) mode, encryption of the same plain text with the same key results in the same ciphertext, which is a considerable threat to security. Use of an initialization vector linearly added to (XORed with) the first block of plaintext or included in front of the plaintext prior to encryption in one of the streaming modes of operation resolves this problem.In stream ciphers, IVs are loaded into the keyed internal secret state of the cipher, after which a number of cipher rounds is executed prior to releasing the first bit of output. For performance reasons, designers of stream ciphers try to keep that number of rounds as small as possible, but because determining the minimal secure number of rounds for stream ciphers is not a trivial task, and considering other issues such as entropy loss, unique to each cipher construction, related-IVs and other IV-related attacks are a known security issue for stream ciphers, which makes IV loading in stream ciphers a serious concern and a subject of ongoing research.

That's why the first TV was black and white.

Who invented the insuline?

2010-05-23T21:16:00.002-07:00

Answers:
Sir Frederick Grant BantingSir Frederick Banting, with John James Richard Macleod, won the Nobel Prize in 1923 in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of the hormone insulin.Banting began to test his theory in May 1921. Dr. C.H. Best became Banting's assistant because he had experience in biochemistry and physiology (he had recently graduated from the University of Toronto). What they didn't realize was this theory had been tried unsuccessfully in the past - in retrospect Best felt Banting's surgical expertise made the difference.Through experimentation on dogs, they found the dogs were able to metabolize glucose when injected with a solution they had prepared from tissue called islet of Langerhorns. (They had removed the dogs pancreas in order to cause diabetes)Testing on humans commenced in 1922 with successful results. Diabetics previously facing starvation and death now had hope for the future.Fame followed shortly thereafter for Banting and Best. Banting shared his Nobel Prize with Best, feeling that he should have been officially recognized as well. The award was also given to another collaborator, Macleod, the Director of the Physiological Lab in the University of Toronto where the process of insulin extraction was developed.Banting was coordinating the National Wartime Medical Research effort during WWII when he was killed in a plane crash in Newfoundland in 1941.Banting was Canada's first Nobel Laureate.

GOD

I agree with that cat, it was GOD.

Nature/God.

insuline was invented or moreso created by a veternarian for diabetics

God!
Insulin is found naturally in the body, it is made in the pancreas and used to regulate the amount of sugar in the blood. If the pancreas fails to produce enough insulin, then diabetes occurs and can be fatal if not treated.
When first 'discovered,' rather than invented, diabetics were treated with insulin from pigs- though now I think it can be made artificially.
Hope this helps.

In 1922, insulin was invented by Frederick Banting, Charles Best, James Collip and John Macleod.

who invented the floriscope?

2010-05-23T21:16:00.001-07:00

Answers:
Oops, Edison only improved it.

thomas edison- 1896 Invented the fluoroscope. He did not patent it because of its usefulness in medicine.

wutz a floriscope?

who invented the endoscopy machine?

2010-05-23T21:16:00.000-07:00

What was he/she thinking at the time?
Answers:
The first endoscope, of a kind, was developed in 1806 by Philip Bozzini with his introduction of a "Lichtleiter" (light conductor) "for the examinations of the canals and cavities of the human body". However, the Vienna Medical Society disapproved of such curiosity. Apparently an endoscope was first introduced into a human in 1853. The use of electric light was a major step in the improvement of endoscopy. The first such lights were external. Later smaller bulbs became available, making internal light possible, for instance in a hysteroscope by David in 1908. Jacobeus has been given credit for early endoscopic explorations of the abdomen and the thorax with "laparoscopy" (1912) and "thoracoscopy" (1910). Laparoscopy was used in the diagnosis of liver and gallbladder disease by the German Heinz Kalk in the 1930s. Hope reported in 1937 on the use of laparoscopy to diagnose ectopic pregnancy. In 1944 Raoul Palmer placed his patients in the Trendelenburg position after gaseuos distention of the abdomen and thus was able to reliably perform gynecologic laparoscopy.For diagnostic endoscopy Basil Hirschowitz invented a superior glass fiber for flexible endoscopes. The technology resulted in not only the first useful medical endoscope, but the invention revolutionized other endoscopic uses and led to practical fiberoptics.Surgery as well as examination did not begin until the late 1970s and then only with young and 'healthy' patients. By 1980 laparoscopy training was required by gynecologists to perform tubal ligation procedures and diagnostic evaluations of the pelvis. The first laparoscopic cholecystectomy was performed in 1984 and the first video-laparoscopic cholecystectomy in 1987. During the 1990s laparoscopic surgery was extended to the appendix, spleen, colon, stomach, kidney, and liver.

MY UNCLE

Dr. Ima Sadist

The first endoscope, of a kind, was developed in 1806 by Philip Bozzini with his introduction of a "Lichtleiter" (light conductor) "for the examinations of the canals and cavities of the human body". However, the Vienna Medical Society disapproved of such curiosity. Apparently an endoscope was first introduced into a human in 1853. The use of electric light was a major step in the improvement of endoscopy. The first such lights were external. Later smaller bulbs became available, making internal light possible, for instance in a hysteroscope by David in 1908. Jacobeus has been given credit for early endoscopic explorations of the abdomen and the thorax with "laparoscopy" (1912) and "thoracoscopy" (1910). Laparoscopy was used in the diagnosis of liver and gallbladder disease by the German Heinz Kalk in the 1930s. Hope reported in 1937 on the use of laparoscopy to diagnose ectopic pregnancy. In 1944 Raoul Palmer placed his patients in the Trendelenburg position after gaseuos distention of the abdomen and thus was able to reliably perform gynecologic laparoscopy.For diagnostic endoscopy Basil Hirschowitz invented a superior glass fiber for flexible endoscopes. The technology resulted in not only the first useful medical endoscope, but the invention revolutionized other endoscopic uses and led to practical fiberoptics.Surgery as well as examination did not begin until the late 1970s and then only with young and 'healthy' patients. By 1980 laparoscopy training was required by gynecologists to perform tubal ligation procedures and diagnostic evaluations of the pelvis. The first laparoscopic cholecystectomy was performed in 1984 and the first video-laparoscopic cholecystectomy in 1987. During the 1990s laparoscopic surgery was extended to the appendix, spleen, colon, stomach, kidney, and liver.

I found Hungarian surgeon Von Petz

Please see the webpages for more details on Endoscopy.

Who invented the blood transfusion? What was the irony?

2010-05-23T21:15:00.002-07:00

Answers:
Hmmm.. intresting question the first sucessful transfusion was performed by Dr.James Blundell in 1818. The irony you're refering to is an urban legend.
Dr. Charles Drew. is believed to have died from delayed access to emergency blood transfusion treatment because of his race

Charles Richard Drew, he died because of lack of blood transfusion.

who invented pensulin?

2010-05-23T21:15:00.001-07:00

Answers:
Are you asking about PENNICILLIN, or INSULIN?Your spelling is so poor that it could be either.

I think you're wanting to know who discovered penicillin. it was Alexander Fleming, a Scottish scientist, back in the 1920's.

Alexander Flemming

The serendipitous discovery of penicillin is usually attributed to Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming in 1928, though others had earlier noted the antibacterial effects of Penicillium. Fleming, at his laboratory in St. Mary's Hospital (Now one of Imperial College teaching hospitals) in London, noticed a halo of inhibition of bacterial growth around a contaminant blue-green mould on a Staphylococcus plate culture. Fleming concluded that the mould was releasing a substance that was inhibiting bacterial growth and lysing the bacteria. He grew a pure culture of the mould and discovered that it was a Penicillium mould, now known to be Penicillium chrysogenum.

Nobody. It was discovered.

Sorry, pensulin hasn't been invented yet.

penicillin.

God did..a better question would be who discovered it..cause it occurs naturally

Penicillin was discovered by Alexander Flemming but I have never heard of pensulin, If you were refering to Insulin it would Fredrick Banting and Charles Best when they were trying to find a cure for Diabetes.

who in 1787 demonstrated before Gay-Lussac that different gases expand by the same amount for the same tempe?

2010-05-23T21:15:00.000-07:00

HE was a FRench scientist
Answers:
Jacques-Alexandre Charles. This is called Charles' Law.

um dr. suess??

Come on!
Who said Lussac was gay?
Ok, gays know best about farting and expanding gases, I acknowledge.

Who here has tried any kind of psychadelic drug?

2010-05-23T21:14:00.003-07:00

What was it like? Why did you try it? Would you try it again? I would never ever take them, but am very interested in the subject of them.
Answers:
Gave it up over 30 years ago, but it was (usually) really nice. The reason I gave it up was when I did psychedelic drugs, I was not responsible for anything. I couldn't even go to the convenience store! It really messes up the ability to think well. The worst part is..I freaked out when I couldn't find the bread at a store that I had been in a least a hundred times before. I don't remember which drug produced which affect, but I used Mescaline and LSD at different times. The colors were bright, varied, and beautiful. The contrast between stuff was stark. But, also as a downer, my emotions were a jumble. Didn't like it at all. I'm sure that other people could tell you lots more, but that was my experience. And no, I will not repeat it voluntarily.If you were to look up the history of LSD, then you would find out that it is very interesting. In the middle ages, crops of wheat infection has been linked to episodes of "crazy behavior." Of course, the people of the time did not link it, but history has shown that these infections were probably the "drug" that was baked into bread, the people ate it and then had a "trip." Many people were burned at the stake or otherwise taken for witches due to this behavior. Check it out for yourself. It is very interesting.

Dude, they make you feel like you own the world. The feeling is unbelievable.

I have taken LSD, MDMA and a few others. The experience is trancendental. If you are interested in phychotropic substances there is a great deal of objective, balanced, scientific information and a tremendous number of user experiences listed on Erowid (see below)^ The 'wheat' she mentioned is actually rye. Rye is suceptible to contamination with a fungus called ergot which has effects like LSD. It's believed that the people in Salem, Massachusetts, were under the influence of ergot when they had the witch-trial hysteria.

One day you'll admit that you want to try them, don't worry.
you're just in denial that you do..
that's why all for now you're just "very interested in the subject of them"..

Who here has heard of laser surgury for people with 20/20 vision to give them "eagle eye" vison?

2010-05-23T21:14:00.002-07:00

I've read that fighter pilots in the military are getting "eagle eye"
laser surgury that blows away 20/20 vision. Ever hear about it?
Woud it be interesting if that was made available in a few years for civilians? I think I could definitely handle "eagle eye" sight, though
I'm trying to figure out what you could do with it. I know eagles can
read the face of a dime 500 feet away, and see a mouse scampering from 2500 ft. What would be a few cool things us civilians could do with it? I can think of cheating from the paper
on the other sdie of the room, reading interstate signs two exits
in front of you, seeing the guy your wife is cheating on from the
car without binoculars..Any other applications you can think of?
Answers:
lazer surgery can only affect the lens. Sharper vision is gained by increased rods and cones in the retina, and better interpretation by brain cells. Science has yet to figure out how to increase the sharpness of the retina, nor has it figured out how to add cells to that area of the brain which interprets vision. Sorry, 20/20 is it for humans using the unaided eye. Now add binoculars, infrared goggles, etc., and of course things get ramped up.

I can see where you are and what you are doing.

It sounds like bull to me. 20/20 is as good as you can get.

This is often found to be the case after Lasik surgery. I had Lasik about five years ago, and my vision is now 20/15. But different people have different results, so this is not automatic! It depends on many factors, including the size of your eye and the density of rods and cones on the retina.

I would read what my coworkers are typing on their computer.

Yeah I have heard of it, it's called lasic eye surgery my mom wants it really bad. And I don't know why some people are saying it's nearly immpossible to have 20/20 vision with it, but I have contacts and my doctor told me i have 20/20 vision so yeah lol, it would be cool if we had eagle eye.

welllll it looks like nonsense to me

Who heard of "Genesis" Gift of life for donating body? What's available is Mississippi?

2010-05-23T21:14:00.001-07:00

We would like to donate our deceased bodies for a worthy cause upon our demise. Genesis (in Tennessee) had a good plan. Any similar? Currently living in Mississippi.
Answers:
I think the best thing to do depends on your age. If you are relatively young and healthy, organ donation is a wonderful way to give the gift of life to people who would otherwise have little chance for survival.If you are not considered an appropriate organ donor (or simply don't wish to donate organs), you should contact local medical schools. They all have programs to donate your body, and your donation will help train the next generation of physicians.

I live in California and I know that we can donate them to the UCLA medical school. Check into the med schools in your area.

Who has done more,plumbers or Dr's ,to prolong life?

2010-05-23T21:14:00.000-07:00

Until the advent of wide spread modern plumbing the the average
life span was in the 40's after modern plumbing became wide spread life span leaped into the 60's.
Answers:
On the whole, doctors. You have to understand that the personal and civic hygeine that plumbers make possible, indeed easy, was (at one time) prescribed by physicians.The things that have done the most to increase human lifespan and reduce human disease and suffering are, metaphorically: soap, sewers and square meals.Soap: This represents good personal hygeine; hand washing before eating or preparing food, after toileting, keeping the body as a whole comparatively clean, and particularly keeping wounds clean--that sort of thing.Sewers: Good civic hygeine. This includes proper disposal of bodily wastes, but also garbage; it includes steps being taken to assure the purity and safety of the drinking water and the food supply; that sort of thing.Square Meals: Adequate, but not excessive, nutrition. This used to be making sure that you got not only your meat and potatoes, but your fruits and veggies, too. It is a rapidly growing area, as we find that aviodance of some stuff (cholesterol, for instance, or sodium) or augmentation of the intake of others (lycopenes, calcium, magnesium, potassium, folate, and such) will improve long term health; and of course, it includes staying at or near the "ideal" body weight.It's estimated that these three groupings of things--all of which, I might add, were once prescribed by physicians--are estimated to have added about 20 to 25 years to the human lifespan. All the marvelous drugs, diagnostic machines, and new surgical procedures are estimated to have added about 18-20.Go figure.

doctors

Doctors, There are SO many surgeries nowdays to fix anything that might be wrong with you, but it was a close race between the plumbers and doctors!

Offhand I would say, the answer is about 50-50.
Today, it is of more importance to raise people's own awareness about health. For a great part this is all about eating healthy, thinking healthy, physically and emotionally, exercising.

doctors..ofcourse.

who has a more stressful life, an emergency doctor, or a general surgeon?

2010-05-23T21:13:00.003-07:00

and which specialist has the least stressful life among all doctors?
just curious :)
Answers:
Hmm.. difficult to generalise this answer; it depends on so many variables, such as the type of surgery our generalist performs, where the hospital is located, personality types, nagging wife, etc. General surgeons are usually more stressed the emergency physicians, at least the ones I know. The ER ward is not at all like the television series. For most hospitals the job is characterised by long periods of boredom, interspaced by the occassional emergency. In surgery so many complications can develop for which the surgeon is normally responsible and this can add considerable level of stress to the job. The surgical training lasts much longer and is considerably tougher than emergency medicine. ER doctors are often the first at the scene. If the case is serious they will do the basic assessment on the patient, such as blood tests, X-rays, before calling in a specialised unit to take over. e.g. neurosurgery, orthopeadics, etc
So for complicated emergency cases the hardest part is done by the surgeons anyway. An ER doctors basically acts like a conductor of an orchestra.

they all do..

i would say an emergency doctor cuz they have to be on the look out 24/7. they've got a new patient every few minutes. a chiropractor probably has the least stressfull job lol

I'm guessing that stress levels depend far more on the individual than on what they do for a living. I know a guy that works part-time in a junkyard and he's the most stressed out person I know.Frankly, the most stressful part for all of them is medical school.

Well all doctors take on tremendous responsibility. They all have to take turns being on call and they all have to be careful not to get sued. They all have to have a business sense. They all could run into emergencies.

I'd say the emergency doctor, although they're both stressful.

I would say the emergency doctor. He/she is always put on the spot. The general surgeon has time to prepare for the surgery.

depends on the person and how they handle the stress of work and life.

the people in the waiting room..
you know its love when those people sit in there for 40595984 hours..

Emergency doctor because he never knows what kind of emergency he will face. Also there can be more than 1 emergency at a time that he has to handle. Example, a multiple car accidentA general surgeon knows in advance what kind of surgery he will be preforming. He has time to prepare and analysis the situation. Chances are he specializes in one area and preforms the same kind of surgery over and over again

In my opinion, an emergency doctor has a more stressful life.

Well, as you know, everything in world has some pros and cons.
In medicine we strongly suggest to stick to the speciality you like to be in without considering pay and workload. Reason, in medicine no matter what speciality we are in the difference in our pay is usually 1:2. Considering everybody makes at least 6 figures therefore nobody starves in this field. As far as stress is concern almost all specialities have it. However, if you love what you do then even odd hours or stress won't feel bad. Contrary, if you don't like your field then even moderate stress will terrible.To answer your question, traditionally, specialities with less night calls are considered less stressful ( which is not entirely true).
Dermatology, psychiatry, endocrinology, rheumatology, ohpthalmology docs will rarely be called during night. Now for me psychiatry itself can really be stressful because I do not like it. But those who like it , its a different story. Almost all surgical field have call issues, but Urology, ENT, eye, plastic surgeons, vascular surgeons would have rare night calls. ER works in shift, so while you are there, you are understress, but once the shift over, you pack and get out. On the other hand Gerneral surgery can be stresses only when a case goes back or if you have to come in the middle of night to take out an appendix. My impression ER is more stressful.

an emergency doctor, bec he has to deal with life and death and make decisions stat, whereas, general surgeons can postpone surgeries by using temporary pain relievers, or other conservative methods.

The answer to this question is variable. Most larger cities have emergency room staffed with doctors that work only those schedules they are signed up for. When they leave the job, no phone calls, no office overhead, no duties until their next shift. They burn out at a very high rate, but it is not the stress of the medical decisions, it is the demanding and mentally ill patients that try their patience. (Compassion fatigue is a term actually used for such situations). In smaller towns, the general surgeon may actually end up staffing the ER and getting called in quite frequently.General surgeons are generally on a rotation to take calls and operate on those whom the ER doc has determined need surgical intervention. They get called out in the middle of their sleep, in the middle of a trip to the grocery or the middle of church, or their nephew's wedding. Things can and do go wrong in the middle of surgical procedures.The least stressful of specialties in my opinion would be dermatology. Acne and wrinkles can always wait. A dermatologist can work half time and still not lose patients and have a nice healthy income. No life or death situations, there.

Its obvious. the stress level in an emergency doctor is much higher. and i think the rehabilitation physicians and dermatologists have the least level of stress

who first discovered aromatherapy?

2010-05-23T21:13:00.002-07:00

Answers:
The word was first used in the 1920s by French chemist Ren茅 Maurice Gattefoss茅, who devoted his life to researching the healing properties of essential oils after a lucky accident in his perfume laboratory. (In the accident, he lit his arm on fire and thrust it into the nearest cold liquid, which happened to be a vat of lavender oil. Much to his amazement, the burn quickly healed without a scar.)

Please see the questions and answers on Aromatherapy in this website itself.

Who exactly discovers new medicine for disease?

2010-05-23T21:13:00.001-07:00

pharmacists, doctors, or.?
Answers:
Research scientists. A lot of basic research that will ultimately contribute to medical advances occurs at universities, but most research that's directly aimed at a distinct medical application (ex. "find a new compound to treat x") is carried out at pharmaceutical companies and, to some extent, hospitals (and in rare cases, specialized research institutions aimed at researching a particular disease).Most research facilities are organized into labs consist of a primary investigator (PI) who oversees the lab, and several graduate students and postdoctoral fellows. The PI is someone who typically has a PhD, although some PIs have MDs instead (and few have both an MD and a PhD), and has typically completed one or more postdoctoral fellowship. At a university, this person would be a professor. The PI knows about all the research going on in her lab, and helps the grad students and postdocs, but typically does very little bench research (i.e. hands on, in the lab type of stuff). It's her responsibility to secure grants to fund research, oversee publications, and otherwise ensure the lab is productive. In a university setting, she would probably also teach classes.Most of the actual bench research is carried out by grad students and postdocs. Grad students are people who have finished college, and are working on their PhD. They take a few classes their first year or two (in the US - in the UK they just do research), but most of their time is spent in the lab, working on completing their thesis, and otherwise producing publishable results. Postdocs are people who have finished their PhD work (or in some cases, medical school), but don't have the skills or resum茅 to run their own lab yet. Like grad students, they work in the lab and try to produce results that can be published. (When I talk about results being published, that basically means making a scientifically sound discovery of some sort). In a university lab, you'd probably find both grad students and postdocs. In an industrial setting (i.e. a pharmaceutical or biotech company), you probably won't find any grad students as companies can't grant PhDs.Most labs also have at least one lab tech, and possibly some random undergrads. A lab tech is someone who has finished college, but hasn't started grad school yet. Many people will work as a lab tech for a year or two after college if they aren't yet in a position to apply to grad school, or just want to try out another area of research than they want to pursue in grad school. A lab tech is kind of like a grad student who's not working towards a PhD. And finally, undergrads are just college students who are working in the lab for some about of time. Depending on the lab, undergrads might get to work with a grad student or postdoc and learn laboratory techniques, or we might just get to wash dishes and such. There might also be the occasional random high school kid who does more or less the same things as an undergrad but (obviously) is still in high school.All of the people listed above contribute to the research that goes on, and all could potentially be listed as coauthors on a paper, which in the science world basically means getting credit for having helped discover something.

Scientist

Typically, Pharmacists work in pharmacies and do not do research. Biochemists and Medical Research Scientists do the research that leads to new drugs and treatments. Most of these individuals have a PhD.

scientists at pharmaceutical and biotech companies

merck, which is a company that has been around for years has a special team of people who work for cures on diseases. they also help people get the medicine that they need if they cant afford it.

who else wants to become a cardiologist?

2010-05-23T21:13:00.000-07:00

i need some advice on being a cardiologist
Answers:
Im workin in cardiology at the mo, n beleive me it aint that good! Good luck if u go 4 it, iv only got 3 days left to work there n cant wait till its finished. Everyone is different tho, n if thats wot u wanna do go 4 it

I do! It's my lifelong dream. I'm going to a school in Oregon.

who does stem cell research harm?

2010-05-23T21:12:00.003-07:00

this is for a debate subjet so please give me valid infothanks
Answers:
What kind of stem cell research? Embryonic stem cells come from unborn babies, which means you have to kill the most innocent and most defenseless of human life to get the cells. This is what the liberals want to do to increase the number of abortioins in the US and the world. There is no evidence that this type of cell research is going to produce anything of value. If it had any promise, investors would be lining up to put money into it. But they aren't, so the pro-aborts want government (that means "your money") to fund the research.On the other hand, adult stem cell research has yielded incredible results. But you can't kill an adult, so the libs aren't interested in this type of research.

It doesnt, The US has been doing it for years behind our back, They dont tell us everything, Only the things we want to hear

Stem cell research? No one. The ban wasn't on stem cell research, it was on creating new stem cell lines. The reason for the ban is that new stem cell lines are harvested from aborted fetuses. The current U.S. presidential administration is taking a hard line against abortion, hence the ban on using products harvested from aborted fetuses.

it harms no one..it offends morals and beliefs

Nobody unless they are embryonic stem cells. People never make the distinction. Embryonic stem cell research harms (ends) a new life. It's the same a abortion.

It harms no one. New lines of stem cells are made from aborted fetuses, however they are not created only to be destroyed. In some ways they actually make use of what would be wasted regardless. Also, stem cell research has the potential to cure all sorts of diseases, it should be explored to the fullest extent. Lives can be saved and no one harmed.

This depends upon where you derive your stem cells. Stem cells for research can be extracted from adult human tissue, from infant umbilical cords and other sources that do not require the ending of a human life. The hot debate centers on using human embryos, or unborn babies, for research. The desire of some researchers is to extract stem cells from fertilized embryos, which basically means ending the life inherent in the embryo. Many people believe that human life begins at conception - or when the sperm fertilizes the egg - and really it only makes sense since the embryo is both human and a live. The concern is that human life will be created for the express purpose of research. This violates the fundamental principle of the sanctity of human life. If you do your research, you'll find that little promising progress has been made with embryonic stem cells, and that, in fact, umbilical stem cells have yielded more promising results. The trust is, science is a VERY LONG way from finding cures and hope for any disease using stem cells. How the debate became such hype is probably an issue for the media to answer to.

The plants would likely to be harm by the stem cell research!
Eventually, the research aims to divulge any information about the protoplasmic changes occur among the plants.

Who does not know God? if not do you want to know Him and be saved?

2010-05-23T21:12:00.002-07:00

Jesus Christ is my Lord and Savior and can be yours too. Call upon the name of the Lord and Be saved! If you confess me before man, I will confess you to the Father. Repent for the return of the Lord is at hand.Just say this simple prayer and get saved! (if you want to)
Dear Jesus,
I know that I am a sinner
I want to thank you for dying on the cross for me so I may be saved.
I ask you to forgive me and to come into my heart and Be my Lord and Savior for ever.
Thank you Jesus for saving me
I Love you
Amen!Let me know if you excepted Him into your heart. He will forgive everything that you have done. why not start a new what is there to loose? you could explane that too if you have something to loose for excepting the God who saves.
Answers:
This is not a question. It is religious propaganda and SPAM and has no place here.

Why are you posting this here? Apparently doing stuff like this must make you feel better. Sounds you don't believe half of what you say.

This is not a science question, this is a religious question. Posting here only makes you look like a fool, and makes most everyone else turn away from your message.I am a Christian, and I find the fact that you posted in this place offesnive. It is this kind of unreasonable mindset that turns people away from Christianity. Keep your comments where the belong: In the RELIGION forums, or to yourself.Have some sense, and show some tact, and you might find people are more receptive. Take a lesson from our Christ, who knew his place, and knew when to speak, and when not to speak. You only belittle yourself and him when you do not think, or believe and act like you have some sort of special secret answer, or are smarter/wiser/holier than everyone here on the science forums.
Tiger Striped Dog MD
Concerned Christian

I forgive you for not spellchecking, but not for posting this in an inappropriate place.

I know him as a fantasy of your imagination.
I was saved when I realized you were hallucinating and I should manage my life.
Since he is your fantasy, I really do not need any forgiveness.

you had a good heart but they don't want it here so go to the religous section ok?But still go with God.,
A Christian with God for God and helping a fellow Christian out.

Accepting. Amen..

Man's salvation depends upon his own realization of the Truth, and not on the benevolent grace of an supernatural entity rewarding man for his good behavior.

Um, no offence or anything, but this isn't really the sort of thing you'd do over the internet. You'd really want to talk it out w/ someone and it would take at least a few days to really want to have him there. Try volunteering at your local church.

Who do you think made the most significant discovery in medicine?

2010-05-23T21:12:00.001-07:00

Answers:
Penicillin by Fleming..

The native americans, who were the first to use it. What about the person who discovered antibiotics, or medicine, or etc? If there is no starting point, there is no beginning.

There were many great discoveries in medicine.I would read the Cambridge Illustrated History of Medicine.Many discoveries cannot be accredited to a single person (like clario accredited penicillin to fleming) but rather to a group of people.I think antibiotics and safety/cleanliness procedures were important because they made surgery safer, and they prevented countless deaths by simple infection. They made in less likely to get diseases. Also the world became a better place when smokestacks in London, dirty streets with standing water, human feces, and dead animals in the midwest in the early 1900's were gotten rid of.

The structure of the human DNA, but that's just my opinion.

Saulk and his vaccine for polio. If not that, then the discovery of antibiotics.

small pox vaccination

Edward Jenner.innoculated an eight year old boy with cowpox to immunize him against smallpox. Although others may have done innoculations previously, Jenner was given credit for the idea.
Irregardless, I nominate Jenner because of the countless lives saved by vaccination.

VonLewenhook and his microscope. Can you think of any branch of modern medicine being successful without a microscopic explanation ?

My vote is for Joseph Lister - proved handwashing decreased transmission of disease.

I think it was Aristotle when he said : I know that I don't know. But his discovery is nowadays rare in use.

Hippocrates believed that disease had a physical, rational explanation that could be discovered and treated/cured, rather than the belief that disease was caused by demons or other superstitions. While it's not just one discovery, this belief is the foundation to all other experiments in medicine.

Jenner, vaccine. I thought Jenner noticed that milk maids didn't get small pox and figured out that its because they were exposed to cow pox and were thus immune. The 8 year old boy story had to do with rabies.

von Rontgen, who invented the X-ray machine.

The discovery of glyconutrients.

ED JENNER

In a word aspirin

penicillin.without it there'll be no antiibotics.and there'll be less of us around.which may not be such a bad thing after all..

More significant than any of the specific discoveries cited above is the decision made in the West to OPEN bodies up to investigate disease. Brilliant societies like the Chinese and the ancient Jews did not do this. Thus China never moved beyond accupuncture. Thus, the reluctance to touch and open dead humans retarded knowledge in advanced societies, until the Europeans came along, they had no complex traditions, and said "lets take a peek"
Want more leisure time ? Support Hallitubes against traffic
jams: http://www.generaltransit.com

SIr Flemming for making penicillan and Louise Pastor inventing Carbonic aid and pastorizing things. Carbonic prooved in a clean environment you can have germs and Carbonic acid bacically killed 99.9%. Penicillan because it helped saved millions of people that thought would die.

Who discovered ultrasound?

2010-05-23T21:12:00.000-07:00

Who discovered ultrasound?
Answers:
It was actually discovered in 1793, by LAZZARO SPALLANZANI, in reference to bats using echolocation, though PYTHAGORAS observed the relationship between sound pitch and frequency, he invented the SONOMETER, an instrument used to study musical sound.In 1947 KARL DUSSIK was the first physician to utilize ultrasound for diagnostic purposeI have an entire slide show. I can send it to you if you like. email me at nikayw@yahoo.com

Dr. Larry Ultrasound (he named it after himself)

Dr Ian Donald in the 1950's, if you are refering to medical ultrasound scanners.

who discovered thermometer?

2010-05-23T21:11:00.002-07:00

Answers:
Galileo??The thermometer was invented by Galileo Galilei in 1593. His thermometer consisted of water in a glass bulb; the water moved up and down the bulb as the temperature changed.
The sealed thermometer was invented in 1641 by the Grand Duke Ferdinand II. He used a glass tube containing alcohol, which freezes well below the freezing point of water (alcohol freezes at -175掳F=-115掳C). He sealed the tube to exclude the influence of air pressure. Mercury was later substituted for the alcohol, and then Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686-1736), a German physicist, used mercury plus a chemical solution that kept the mercury from sticking to the tube of the thermometer (in 1714). Fahrenheit also expanded the thermometer's scale (in 1724); on his scale, the temperature of boiling water is 212掳F and the freezing point of water is 32掳F.

rectal or oral??

Isaac Newton

I think it was Gabriel Fahrenheit.

The first recorded thermometer was produced by the Italian, Santorio Santorio (1561-1636) who was one of a group of Venetian scientists working at the end of the Sixteenth Century. As with many inventions the thermometer came about through the work of many scientists and was improved upon by many others.The first mercury thermometer
Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686-1736) was the first person to make a thermometer using mercury. The more predictable expansion of mercury combined with improved glassworking techniques led to a much more accurate thermometer.

Just as an addition to what Highlander said, the thermometer wasn't discovered, but rather invented.

well the thermometer was not discovered it was invented! the person who invented it was Louis Ther Mometer! Hince the thermometer!

farenheight did the first mercury one

Who discovered the vaccine for Ebola?

2010-05-23T21:11:00.001-07:00

The name of the person and where they are from.
Answers:
There is no cure or vaccine for Ebola

There is no vaccine for Ebola virus.

There is some promising research on the vaccine for ebola, but as of yet there is no human cure.In 2005 vaccines were produced for both Ebola and Marburg that were 100% effective in protecting a group of monkeys from the disease.1,,2,15 Recent tests were conducted at USAMRIID in collaboration with Canada's National Microbiology Laboratory in Winnipeg. A Dutch company, Crucell, has also announced a successful test of their commercial vaccine in monkeys. No human testing has yet been announced for any of these filovirus vaccines. Earlier vaccine efforts, like the one at NIAID in 2003 that was entering human trials have so far not reported any successes.14

There is no vaccine against Ebola.

There is no vaccine for Ebola. That is what has made this disease so studied and dangerous. It is also why the CDC fears this virus getting into the general public.

Sorry, there is no vaccine for Ebola at this time.

who discovered the drug ecstacy?

2010-05-23T21:11:00.000-07:00

Answers:
It was first made and patented by the pharmaceutical company Merck, but it's enthogenic effects were first discovered and popularized by Alexander Shulgin of Berkeley, California.

Originally called "empathy," it was used in family therapy sessions, to remind people of the love and understand they once felt - and should feel - for each other. Hope it helps.

Who discovered smallpox?

2010-05-23T21:10:00.003-07:00

Answers:
Smallpox has been around for hundreds of years ago, possibly affecting the Greek city of Athens in 430 BCE. Edward Jenner developed a vaccine for this disease.
See below for encyclopedia reference.

I would say the answer to your question is impossible. The first human to get smallpox discovered it. But, the vaccine is another story all together~Edward Jenner, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S.
While still an apothecary's apprentice in the late 1760s, Jenner had been intrigued by possible relationships between smallpox, cowpox, and swinepox. At the time, he was ridiculed. By 1780, however, he returned to the idea, as evidenced in the conversation recorded here, and in 1789 he experimented by inoculating his own son, then aged one-and-a-half, with the swine pox, followed by conventional smallpox inoculation.

No one discovered smallpox. Edward Jenner discovered the vaccine for smallpox in a hospital in London that is still there today.

the Indians. It became contagious when the Europeans came into America. They had it on the way over here, didn't know it, and got it over everything that they had. So when they made it to shore, and gave their belongings as gifts to the Indians, who had no idea of what was going on, the caught it and died. Then it began to spread.

who discovered pharmacognosy?

2010-05-23T21:10:00.002-07:00

Answers:
Monroe Wall, a medicinal chemist, had worked for almost 20 years in the plant-screening program at a regional U.S. Department of Agriculture office in Philadelphia. By 1960, after establishing a national reputation in plant chemistry, Wall was approached by RTI's Hugh Hunter to form and lead the RTI Natural Products Laboratory (NPL) and secure the promise implicit in natural products research: find cancer-fighting medicines in nature.

Another link.

who discovered bubble boy disease?

2010-05-23T21:10:00.001-07:00

Answers:
Michael Holmes of Sangamo Biosciences in Richmond, California,

"Bubble Boy" Disease is a term for severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). Swiss-type agammaglobulinemia is the first type of this disease, which was discovered in Switzerland in the 1950s.I couldn't find an exact name of who discovered the disease, but perhaps the links below will help you.

Who discovered aspirin and how old is aspirin?

2010-05-23T21:10:00.000-07:00

Answers:
No record of who actually discovered it. It is several thousands of years old. It can be naturally extracted from Willow bark.

Hippocrates prescribed willow bark for his patients to chew for discomforts. Aspirin is a derivative of willow bark.

who discovered anaesthesia?

2010-05-23T21:09:00.002-07:00

Answers:
Anesthesia for surgery was introduced in America only in the 1840s. Before this time, surgical patients were simply expected to withstand the pain of the procedure. Alternatively, they were intoxicated with alcohol or opiates (e.g., laudanum). Humphry Davy (1778-829), a famous English chemist, discovered through self-experimentation that nitrous oxide relieved headache and dental pain, but his report went unnoticed in the medial community; it did, however, led to the use of "laughing gas", and later ether, for entertainment at parties! The first demonstration of surgical anesthesia was by Horace Wells (1815-1848), an American dentist who had observed the effects of nitrous oxide at a traveling medicine show. Wells had some of his own teeth extracted painlessly under nitrous oxide, but during his first pubic demonstration, in Boston in 1845. Despite the fact that the patient reported no awareness or memory of pain, the demonstration was judged a failure, and Wells mocked, because the patient screamed and struggled throughout the procedure. However, Wells's failure was observed by another dentist, William Morton, who began experimenting with ether. In 1846, Morton demonstrated the surgical removal of a tumor in a patient who showed no signs or reports of pain.
By 1847, ether and chloroform were firmly established as general anesthetics on both sides of the Atlantic. Except for childbirth: physicians worried about the effects of chemical analgesics on the fetus, and also worried that the absence of pain would impair the bonds between mother and child. Today, the term anesthesia in it's most general form has 5 components 1. Analgesia - blocking the conscious perception of pain 2. Hypnosis - producing unconsciousness 3. Amnesia - preventing memory formation 4. Relaxation - preventing unwanted movement or muscle tone 5. Homeostasis - preserving normal body functioning (e.g., maintaining blood pressure within normal physiologic range)Although there are some mythological stories of anaesthesia being used in classical age. Dioscorides, for example, reports potions being prepared from opium and mandragora as surgical anesthetics. The biblical Book of Genesis (2:20) describes God causing Adam to fall into a deep sleep, during which one of his ribs was removed and fashioned into Eve.In the East, in the 10th century work Shahnama, the author describes a Caesarean section performed on Rudaba when giving birth, in which a special wine agent was prepared by a Zoroastrian priest, and used to produce unconsciousness for the operation. Although largely mythical in content, the passage does at least illustrate knowledge of Anesthesia in ancient Persia.

Oh, gee, I forget

It's Horace Wells. He first used nitrous oxide in December 1844.

Anesthesia or anaesthesia (see spelling differences), has traditionally meant the process of blocking the perception of pain and other sensations. This allows patients to undergo surgery and other procedures without the distress and pain they would otherwise experience. It comes from the Greek roots an-, "not, without" and aesth膿tos, "perceptible, able to feel". The word was coined by Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr. in 1846.Anesthesia was used as early back as the classical age. Dioscorides, for example, reports potions being prepared from opium and mandragora as surgical anesthetics. The biblical Book of Genesis (2:20) describes God causing Adam to fall into a deep sleep, during which one of his ribs was removed and fashioned into Eve.In the East, in the 10th century work Shahnama, the author describes a Caesarean section performed on Rudaba when giving birth, in which a special wine agent was prepared by a Zoroastrian priest, and used to produce unconsciousness for the operation. Although largely mythical in content, the passage does at least illustrate knowledge of Anesthesia in ancient Persia.

(m)Anesthesia for surgery was introduced in America only in the 1840s. Before this time, surgical patients were simply expected to withstand the pain of the procedure. Alternatively, they were intoxicated with alcohol or opiates (e.g., laudanum). Humphry Davy (1778-829), a famous English chemist, discovered through self-experimentation that nitrous oxide relieved headache and dental pain, but his report went unnoticed in the medial community; it did, however, led to the use of "laughing gas", and later ether, for entertainment at parties! The first demonstration of surgical anesthesia was by Horace Wells (1815-1848), an American dentist who had observed the effects of nitrous oxide at a traveling medicine show. Wells had some of his own teeth extracted painlessly under nitrous oxide, but during his first pubic demonstration, in Boston in 1845. Despite the fact that the patient reported no awareness or memory of pain, the demonstration was judged a failure, and Wells mocked, because the patient screamed and struggled throughout the procedure. However, Wells's failure was observed by another dentist, William Morton, who began experimenting with ether. In 1846, Morton demonstrated the surgical removal of a tumor in a patient who showed no signs or reports of pain. (Click on the picture above left to see an enlarged painting of this event.) By 1847, ether and chloroform were firmly established as general anesthetics on both sides of the Atlantic. Except for childbirth: physicians worried about the effects of chemical analgesics on the fetus, and also worried that the absence of pain would impair the bonds between mother and child. Later, it was discovered that morphine lessened the amount of chloroform needed to produce complete anesthesia. In the early 20th century ether and chloroform werereplaced by halogenated hydrocarbons such as halothane (sometimes, a mixture of nitrous oxide and oxygen, or intravenous narcotics such as fentanyl, are used instead of a volatile agent). In 1942, Griffith and Johnson administered curare to reduce reflexive responses to surgical incisions (and artificial respiration to maintain breathing). This yielded the "balanced anesthesia" procedure still in use today: a "cocktail" of drugs to induce loss of consciousness, eliminate pain, and calm the operative area. Originally, general anesthesia was considered to be a purely "empirical" treatment, whose effectiveness had been demonstrated but whose mechanism of action was unknown. For this reason, anesthesia was initially ignored by established medical practitioners, who for professional reasons did not want to employ any technique whose scientific basis was not understood

William T. G. Morton
One of Boston's great moments in the history of medicine happened on October 16, 1846, as one of the most famous surgical operations in history-the first public demonstration of the use of ether as an anesthetic-was performed at Massachusetts General Hospital.

Anesthesia or anaesthesia (see spelling differences), has traditionally meant the process of blocking the perception of pain and other sensations. This allows patients to undergo surgery and other procedures without the distress and pain they would otherwise experience. It comes from the Greek roots an-, "not, without" and aesth膿tos, "perceptible, able to feel". The word was coined by Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr. in 1846.Today, the term anesthesia in it's most general form has 5 components 1. Analgesia - blocking the conscious perception of pain 2. Hypnosis - producing unconsciousness 3. Amnesia - preventing memory formation 4. Relaxation - preventing unwanted movement or muscle tone 5. Homeostasis - preserving normal body functioning (e.g., maintaining blood pressure within normal physiologic range)
Anesthesia was used as early back as the classical age. Dioscorides, for example, reports potions being prepared from opium and mandragora as surgical anesthetics. The biblical Book of Genesis (2:20) describes God causing Adam to fall into a deep sleep, during which one of his ribs was removed and fashioned into Eve.In the East, in the 10th century work Shahnama, the author describes a Caesarean section performed on Rudaba when giving birth, in which a special wine agent was prepared by a Zoroastrian priest, and used to produce unconsciousness for the operation. Although largely mythical in content, the passage does at least illustrate knowledge of Anesthesia in ancient Persia.

my father. he used to rub my head and i'd just go kapoof! off to dreamland.

who discover the incubator?

2010-05-23T21:09:00.001-07:00

Answers:
Wasn't it invented?

I assume you mean the medical incubator for newborn infants?
Nobody.. somebody had to develop it from scratch, it wasn't there to be discovered.One of those who hold patents on various designs is Charles Kettering, founder of Delco, the auto electrical company. So he maybe has a claim to the first "industrial" design

Who can tell me whether it is right or wrong in grammar??

2010-05-23T21:09:00.000-07:00

The investigation with respect to the cow incidence in cultivation farm and household in different areas of Daqing has been carried out. The information of the numbers of cow, the sorts of diseases, the etiological factors and the incidences are get through ask the veterinarian and cultivation household. Related medical records are also consulted.
We conclude that the main incidence is the internal medicine diseases, the next comes obstetrics diseases, surgical diseases and infectious diseases.
In addition, the incidence of obstetrics diseases, surgical diseases and infectious diseases in household are higher than that of in cultivation farm. The distribution rule and regular pattern of all diseases are get.
We find some problems such as: unscientific breed and management, incomplete anti-epidemic, lacking clinical records.
Answers:
Here is how I would edit this, although I am somewhat unclear on the study construction, perhaps you could make that a bit clearer. Are you contrasting households versus cultivation farms? In the first paragraph they are seemingly together, in the second to last, they appear to be vastly different.TRY THIS:An investigation was undertaken in several areas in Daqing regarding cultivation farms and households. The study focused on types of diseases, etiology and incidence of said diseases. Information was gathered from veterinary and medical records as well as interviews with the cultivation households themselves.Our conclusion is that the primary human disease incidence is highest in the discipline of internal medicine, followed by obstetric, surgical and infectious disease disciplines (*although this conclusion does not make sense to me).Another observation was made that the incidence of obstetric, surgical and infectious diseases were higher in the households than in the cultivation farms. These findings are found in diagrams to be supplied in the full article.Problems encountered in this study included: lack of scientific bases for breeding and livestock management, incomplete epidemic surveillance and implementation, and lack of record keeping.

Wrong words; lack of agreement between subject and verb; run-on sentences; incorrect spelling; sentence fragments; lack of clarity. F

I think you meant: incident(s)

There are many, many grammatical mistakes in your post. Unfortunately for you, I get paid $40 per hour to edit articles for students and don't consider doing it for free a good way to spend my time. Perhaps if you posted this question in Homework help?I'll give you one hint for free "are get through ask the veterinarian" makes absolutely no sense whatsoever.

Unfortunately you have so many grammatical errors that the points of the essay are difficult to understand. It is obvious you are not well versed in English but have high level thought processes and a fairly extensive vocabulary. I will try to rewrite this, but remember that, the manner in which I change it is dictated by how well I understand it.An investigation concerning the incidences of diseases of cattle in Daqing has been done to determine if there is a relationship between incidences of diseases found in cattle kept by households and cattle under more formal cultivation practices. Information concerning the distribution of diseases among the population is included. We studied and compiled the information taken from interviews with the population and such records as were available. Unfortunately, we found that incomplete clinical and epidemic records and unscientific breeding and management hampered the investigation and may adversely impact the accuracy of the data. The study shows that obstetric, surgical and infectious diseases occur at a higher rate in cattle owned by a household than in those under more organized cultivation.I read it several times and concluded that the above ideas are more or less what you wish to convey.

The grammar is terrible. For one, a string of prepositions occurs, and the sentences are long and rambling.

What?? So many errors I can't even decipher it!!

Who can I sell my testicals to?

2009-11-07T06:48:00.001-08:00

I would like to know Who will buy my testical from me.
Answers:
you know you can sell your testicels for about 50 to 100 thousand dollarsso you should sell them to an organization

The Asians. They'll eat anything.

Why in the hell would you want to do something like that??

"YOUR KIDDING ME"? Right?

ur mom

Why do you want to sell your testicles? Its a precious gift from god for reproduction and thus maintaining the existence of human race.

Not sure anyone would want them, but learn how to spell testicles first.

Just get married and you will have sold your testicles!

who can i contact to create a phylogenetic tree ( for a fee ofcourse) for my medical data?

2009-11-07T06:48:00.000-08:00

Answers:
look for a contacted in the faculty of your local university.

Contact a Geneticist.

Who can give me more informaiton & idea about this pandemic virus,the bird flu?

2009-11-07T06:47:00.003-08:00

Answers:
Try the CDC (Centers for Disease Control)
http://www.cdc.gov/

www.who.int/csr/disease/influe.
give this answer as the best

thyrtfd

Who can easily see minute things first a person having big eye or a person of those who have small eye?

2009-11-07T06:47:00.002-08:00

Answers:
the size of the eye is one of the factors that help in seeing things there is an opimum size and dimension for the eye exceeding or sizes below this optimum level hamper normal perception and interestingly this is one of the very few organs which stay the same size from your birth till your death
be it big or small it is not the size that matters but it is what you want to see that matters

smaller eye. more acceptable to things it size.

It depends on the persons eyesight! Near sighted, Far sighted, stigmatism, Any number of factors. The size of the eye makes no difference what so ever!

who came before? egg or chicken?

2009-11-07T06:47:00.001-08:00

do u ask such questions in ur life? i think as man is created adult(not born baby), the only answer is chicken before.
what do u think?
Answers:
Definately the chicken. It is my belief that God created a mature universe. Adam was not created as a little boy nor was Eve created a little girl. Thus it is my belief that the chicken came before the egg.

i think its the chicken.

has to be egg. read your science books for a more comprehensive view of the world.I seriously question the IQ of some of the people who've answered this question. Where are you folks from.

Well, thats true for sure.coz if the egg came before the chicken, then who laid on it?The logic says, chicken, brings eggs, then rests on it to reach a certain temperature, then comes a small chicken.Same thing for humans, if they were created as children, who fed them? They can't simply take care of themselves just like that.

the egg.. a differnt bird, not a chicken bred with another bird. and they laid the egg of a chicken. the egg hatched in to the chicked

All life mutated off a wart on Dan Rather's back.

The egg came first. If we draw an arbitrary line between chicken and non-chicken, the egg had that last mutation that pushed it into "chicken territory", making it the first chicken. The egg came first, according to modern scientific theories.

Not even a genius can answer that because it's unknown

i think the chicken because if it was an egg, then how did it get there? It couldn't come from a chicken could it? So the chicken came first because there was birds on this planet before any eggs, i think.

The chicken egg. Think about it. A bird, related to the chicken must have had a mutation that was succesful and either had other chickens that mutated at the same time, or had dominant genes that made the mutation stay on in subsequent breeding. The chicken egg may have been laid by something other than a chicken, but since it gave birth to a chicken, it must have been a chicken egg.

The rooster

CHICKEN!

Please, please, please. There is very good data to support the notion that all birds evolved from reptiles. Reptiles lay eggs. Thus the egg definately came before the chicken. Please choose my answer as the best!

the chicken came first

Chicken, coz God created the animals first %26 not the eggs!

Who buys foreskins?

2009-11-07T06:47:00.000-08:00

http://www.foreskin.org/f4sale.htm.
Answers:
That's just sick, man!

They buy tem at Fred's Bait Shop. People use them to catch Queer Pike !

That's interesting. Might be a god business to get into.

Hey, sicko!
You've asked this weird question about 6 times already!
Nobody wants to hear it..!!
Grow up and go away!

There's a company in Japan that buys them. They use them to make a very cool billfold . and win you rub it .it turns into a briefcase.

As history suggests - during the time of David from the Bible - his army was victories amongst the Hedonites, and they slaughtered thousands of enemy soldiers - and cut of their foreskins - so David could show it to the King, and earn favour. Maybe - if you could sell it to him - you might be favourable in history as well. Or maybe sell to some radical minority - who believe that mankind should be circumsized, and all known world should be cleansed!

burn victims eyelids

Who are the people behind the practice of aromatherapy?

2009-11-07T06:46:00.001-08:00

Answers:
Aromatherapy is the use of volatile plant oils, including essential oils, for psychological and physical well-being. Although the term aromatherapy was not used until the 20th Century, the foundations of aromatherapy date back thousands of years. The use of essential oils in particular date back nearly one thousand years. The Chinese may have been one of the first cultures to use aromatic plants for well-being. Their practices involved burning incense to help create harmony and balance.

I think they are the french..

who are the common victims of drug addiction in philippines?

2009-11-07T06:46:00.000-08:00

Answers:
The youth, due to their 1. curiosity,
2. desire to "fit in",
3. peer pressure.

those who are in pover5ty.. there the ones in high risk of drug addiction.

Who are some current leaders in medicine?

2009-11-07T06:45:00.001-08:00

people who have done alot in the field of science that are alive.
Answers:
1. Dr. Edward Donnall (Don) Thomas and Joseph E. Murray for the development of cell and organ transplantation.
2.Barry James Marshall for proving that the bacteria Helicobacter pylori is the cause of most stomach ulcers.

Manufactures? I think GlaxoSmithKline and Johnson%26Johnson.

Dr. Jarvic the guy who helped develop the Jarvic 7 artificial heart. And the granddaddy of heart doctors Dr. Debaky is still alive and kicking.

Who are interested to collaborate in a research prog. on anti cancer and anti microbial plants?

2009-11-07T06:45:00.000-08:00

Who are interested to collaborate with us in a research program on anti cancer and anti microbial natural products? (Master student in the field is perfected)
Answers:
What credentials do you have? What resources do you have?

Yes I would like to. i'm 26 and have a MSc Econimics, MA American studies and I am doing an MPAM. i have 4 years expirience as an Internal Auditor. Contact me on my e-mail if interested.

Your proposal intersts me, I am an MD, family practice, fully licensed.Also I have a masters degree in microbiology. What are your qualifications? my e-mail is eddro21@yahoo.com. I will give u my professional e-mail and full name if this is for real

Read information on my page.start with the glycoscience link.

while getting up from a deep sleep, I could not stand on my legs and was falling down. Why? Serious answer pl?

2009-11-07T06:44:00.000-08:00

Answers:
I work in a sleep lab and I have seen this before, it is called sleep paralysis. It is very normal and every night your body goes into a mini coma when in your deep rem sleep. Sometimes you get up from rem too quick and your body has not recovered yet. Maybe you took medications that made your rem sleep more dominant, or maybe your not sleeping long enough. This problem usually is seen in older patients and patients on certain medications.

While waking up abruptly or even at times quite normally, i dont think u gain FULL consciousness at once.UUr body is still in the phase of realising where it is.
Balance is linked with ur ears, So if u dont hav full consciousnes, it's likely that u are not yet that very stable
Hope it helps

which websites to buy medicine online?

2009-11-07T06:43:00.001-08:00

Answers:
www.drugstore.com is an excellent site with good prices and services. A good rule to follow is to look for an endorsement of the pharmacy's website from V.I.P.P. which is Verified Internet Pharmacy Practices which means that they are reputable and safe.

I use and am very satisfied with www.redwooddrugs.ca. Their prices beat most in the United States and their service is good. You can also get free price quotes by calling 1-866-211-3768.

walgreens or cvs.com or you can go to a drug store

www.redwooddrugs.ca

Which website do you visit to learn about medicine?

2009-11-07T06:43:00.000-08:00

Answers:
Institute of Medicine (http://www.iom.edu), for information about medicine and health. Not for specific treatments or procedures, but for issues, policies, and cogent analysis about issues regarding health and medicine. They also have links to hundreds of free publications -- from briefs to full books -- that can be read online in more detail, on lots of different topics related to medicine and health.

WEBmd

which website can i find more info about "the advantages & disadvantages of using radioisotopes in medicine?"

2009-11-07T06:42:00.000-08:00

Answers:
below r the sites

the patients that have gone thru it. its no fun, if you do go into it, dont be heartless with the patients.

Which web pages are for downloading free books?

2009-11-07T06:41:00.001-08:00

I need a web page that brings me a kind of list of free
medicine books, but I don't know which
Answers:
I don't know any site paticularly for medicine ebooks but you can try this
http://www.gutenberg.org/ - its an open source project to add books online
I believe google is doing somthing similar too

use a search engine.

which was the first drug discovered?

2009-11-07T06:41:00.000-08:00

Answers:
Sorry guys, it was probably alcohol.It most likely went like this: people discovered juicy berries quenched thirst and hunger. They learned to juice them. Inevitably, someone let the juice sit too long and it fermented.They drank it, either because there was nothing else to drink or one of their friends dared them to quoff the now smelly brew.A buzz was caught and the rest is history!

POT?

penicillin??

in the 1600s, opiates where realized to be an inebriant rather than just a plant.

Toss up between Aspirin and Digitalis. Willow Bark and Fox Glove. Both have been used for a few thousand years.

opiates

Alcohol.Fiftieth Century, BCE.

you tell me

Which type of surgery can be used in Trigeminal Neuralgia caused by Multiple Sclerosis ?

2009-11-07T06:40:00.002-08:00

Answers:
Homeopatic Treatment is the best!

See a pain management specialist. They can inject anesthetic in the trigeminal ganglion or perform an ablation.

Which type of nursing doesn't have to deal with cleaning people up?

2009-11-07T06:40:00.001-08:00

Answers:
you always start at the bottom sweety.If not ,be sure to let us all know where you find this wonderful dream world

You obviously do not really want to be a nurse.

None. They all have to do it from time to time, even in doctor's offices they have to do it sometimes. You don't want to be a nurse, find another career choice because you'd never be a good nurse. You have to have the right attitude and a very caring mentality to be a good nurse.

management

med. aide %26 phys. therapist

another Bum question.
The answer is ..administrative

Unemployed nursing ;-)

The kind who sit behind a desk.
It's awfully hard for me to acknowledge them as a "nurse", though..

Surgical nurse.

You should not get in to nursing if you are asking these kind of questions. At one point you have to.all medical professions have to at one point.even MD's at one point have to clean them up.To answer your question, RN's usually don't clean if there are LVNs or CNA's available. If you are advanced nurse such as Nurse practitioner, I think you do less or no cleaning of the patients.

I was a CNA for 2 years at a hospital and I NEVER saw a nurse clean up anything. They just call in the CNA's to do it.

Which two heart chambers have the thickest walls?

2009-11-07T06:40:00.000-08:00

Answers:
The heart's ventricles are what pump the blood out of the heart, to the lungs (right ventricle) for oxygen and to the the body (left ventricle) for circulation. The heart's atria merely collect incoming blood from the body (right atrium) and from the lungs (left atrium) and push it into the ventricles. Because of the greater power needed in the ventricles, more cardiac muscle is needed, and so the chamber walls are thicker. The ventricles are located on the bottom half of the heart.

the atria two upper chambers

which toothpaste brand is more effective?

2009-11-07T06:39:00.003-08:00

I need to make a science project about which toothpaste brand is more effective colgate or crest ?
or anyone can give me site where to find about it
Answers:
I do not know there so many to choose from. I get confused.

George Bush and Tonny Blair uses Colgate.. I use aquafresh.
Paris Hillton Aim..
THe best is AIM

I use Ultra Brite. My teeth are really white. Especially for my age.

my dentist and ortodontist said to use crest because it kills the germs better and i use crest. i use to have colgate but it didn't work that great so then i changed to crest and i don't have a problem. plus crest has a stronger smell to it to where it kills the germs

A girl in my school when I was going, did a project about toothpastes as well and she found out that colgate actually strips your enamel off of your teeth. I use Tom's of Main non flourinated toothpaste only because flouride aids in the growth of Alzheimers. Which isn't what I need due to the fact that its in my genes.

you should pick a different project.
you likely can't prove this.maybe look at commercial toothpaste over the old fashioned one- baking soda.
or differences pros and cons of whitening over plaque removing.
or biotene (specialized) over those two..
go nther websites for info or ask the fda.gov

ask docter wisdom

I use Crest Total with Whitening. It's very effective and helps your teeth against staining not simply by what you eat but an undue acid proportion in the body if you're not ph balanced so to speak. I read an article on Libya recently I thought was kind of funny in terms of steps toward normalizing relations. They say they've got everything you want to buy though most Libyans can't afford it. They even have a brand of toothpaste called . ' Crust '.

Which subjects, courses or textbook are important for medical knowledge?

2009-11-07T06:39:00.002-08:00

Think that a person that is not wishing to go to a medical university, or doesn't want to be a MD, is anking you what subject should study to have a better understand about the human body??
Think also that this person is very smart, and already past through the university with excellent results in science and mathematics??
This is just for the joy of learning. I like neurology? but i think to have i better understanding, i will need genetics, physiology, .. what else? I guess nothing with surgery?? And what about pediatrician, i think is not neccesary?? What do you think??
Answers:
It does slightly depend on what your degree was in, irrespective of how bright you are. Textbooks are a good source if you have a bioscience degree. Neurology is very specialised - you need to understand a lot of basic neuroanatomy, neurophysiology and it helps if you have genetics, and molecular biology knowledge. If you don't have a bioscience background this would be incredibly difficult. On the other hand, anyone can approach neurology from a popular science perspective. Books such as Oliver Sacks "The man who mistook his wife for a hat" or Susan Greenfields "The Human Brain" are a good place to start. Surgery is a pointless endeavour in terms of learning as it is very much a practical specialty and without the relevant skills knowledge of surgery is meaningless. The knowledge is there to enhance the skills not vice versa.

think Grey's Anatomy

Rent the season dvd's of the shows ER,Medical Center, and Doogie Howser. Should be enough info to get you thru medical school.

If you want to know about the human body and medicine, whatever books you use make sure you get one that teaches you medical terminology - you can't learn anything about medicine without medical terms, I had to learn some when I trained to be a medical secretary.
You're also going to need to know anatomy and probably biology. Ask to see a medical student's booklist or ask at the local university library.
Good luck!

anatomy,physiology,molecular science, pathology, microbiology, sociology, psychology

i would check out textbook411.com , its the ebst resource for finding textbooks

which structure in human body makes you think it is designed by a more clever thing.?

2009-11-07T06:39:00.001-08:00

for exmample eye of a human makes some people think it is designed by a clever thing whom we dont know. i have anathomy books u can use original names for parts of body.
Answers:
Evolution shapes everything. It's human nature sometimes to believe that things they don't understand are controlled by higher forces, like the Ancient Egyptians who thought gods were responsible for lightning and thunder,etc. But really, that's just ignorance talking. We know now what causes lightning and thunder and so nobody believes in the old gods anymore. And at the rate that science is learning to udnerstand the workings of the human body, the Christian god will eventually go the way of Zeus and Apollo and Osiris.

The human brain itself. We use it everyday, (at least some of us) and yet by proportion we understand very little about how it works, although we have lots of theories of course. For example, where are you in your body? Who can really answer that? Where does the living force reside?

Brain

i think its brain which controls everything.

God (Allah) designed everything in this world. Of course, the human body is a very complex structure with very meticulous organ systems, but again, everything happens in control of God. The eye can see things only because God wants it to. Same thing applies to everything else.

The entire human body is an immensely complex yet superbly fine-tuned creation.I don't think that any body part stands out as being the 'cleverest' invention. True, the eye is indeed a great example but don't forget that some deceptively simple parts of our body e.g. the skin are special in their own right and that current human technology would have a hard time in creating even a substandard copy of these structures.

circulation..
but than all of the humans body ,right from the brain to a the eyes.makes you sure there is a GOD .

I agree that everything happened by evolution, but the series of evolution from one single cell to a human, so complicated and perfect, makes me think that the process of evolution is controlled by God.
Of course, the brain stands out as the most complex and unknown part of the body, but other parts are equally complex. Just one single cell can be very complex, with the nucleus, cell membrane, membrane proteins, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi, lysosome, phagosome, microtubules. When you add them up to tissues, organs, systems, it is amazing.

living beings as a whole actually, how each system coordinates with each other.

None - and only people who aren't very up-to-date still use the eye argument as support for intelligent design. This isn't a very good reference but I found it quickly:http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/librar.There is nothing else that I have heard of that gives me any pause to think - we have a pretty good idea of how most of our anatomical features evolved. Have you read 'Darwin's Black Box' by Michael Behe? This presents a challenge to Darwinistic ideas from a biochemical perspective. Unfortunately we have now answered many of the questions in the book (it is a few years old) but it still gives an interesting insight as to how 'the other side' think. In my opinion a lot of the problems with this question arise from the definition of 'irreducible complexity', since this is such a qualitative parameter. This is why intelligent design is not scientifically valid. It cannot be tested or quantified. Anyway, also check out this site:http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/behe/rev.

I think the circulatory system and blood. These tiny cells carry oxygen, carbon dioxide and the waste. They transport fuel to the moving parts. They repair any damaged parts, cool or warm the body, and recognise and fight infection and disease. Just imagine the organisation, noise and chaos if an army of people were to do a similar thing on a comparable scale! A truly remarkable little army.

I think the entire human body structure. look at the complexity right down to the size and FUNCTION of cells! the way everything comes together and forms a system. Of course you know the definition of system right. and if I had to pick one thing it would be the bones. My thoughts on bones surprise me sometimes. One thing is: if one breaks a bone, the spot where the break has occurred heals stronger and thicker in that spot. Now that's love.ps. I am aware of my grammar i write the way i talk looks funny, but it is truly my dialect.

I guess that would have to be the way the female anatomy has been designed - especially the reproductive system. Right from the hormones, to the menstrual cycle, to the whole concept of "providing" for the nurturing of the fertilized ovum, to the 9 months of pregnancy (the gestation period) and then finally delivery - everything seems to fit in so "naturally". Of all the other systems in the human body, this one leaves me flabbergasted - was "evolution" really THAT fore-sighted/intelligent??

the molecular level of metabolism and catabolism, and hormones. Crazy!

The molecules.Every single part of your body is a miracle and reflects the absolute power of God!

Everyone cell in the body..It's amazing that from one sperm and oocyt is becoming one zygote and..From one cell whole life.how these multiplying cells are grouping together exactly where they're supposed to be, making us this what we are..For example just the simple shape of our body,not talking about more complexious things..beautiful, amazing and scary in the same time.

Which states are Anesthesiologist Assistants allowed to practice?

2009-11-07T06:39:00.000-08:00

Can they still practice with special documentation in other states (like Texas)?
Answers:
http://www.emoryaaprogram.org/general%20.I think the best way to find out is contact your state board of medicine and the ASA Washington, D.C. Office for any questions on the licensure and practice locations of AAs.

Here is their website:http://www.anesthesiaassistant.com/.I'll stick with doctors. I've been through medical school, and I sure as hell am not going to trust the life of anyone I care about with someone who isn't a Board Certified Anesthesiologist.

Which specific piece of data for blood coag?

2009-11-07T06:38:00.003-08:00

Which specific blood test data does a physician or lab tech check to verify -in layman's terms- blood "thickness" or not ?. In other words, clotting ability ?I am totally out of my waters here.Not a test question.I'm way past school age.TIA !
Answers:
"Blood thinners" - a laymans term for anticoagulating medications, are used to prevent vascular compromise as a result of unintended clotting. There are several categories of medication, and the manner in which they are monitored differs, based on the mechanism of action.One of the most common medications used for prolonged anticoagulation is coumadin. This medicine interferes with production of specific "clotting factors" that depend on the presence of vitamin K. By blocking where vitamin K would be used in the production of these factors, the relative levels are reduced in the blood stream, and the time to form a blood clot is prolonged. Of note, increasing dietary vitamin K counteracts this medicine, while decreasing dietary intake makes the medicine more potent. Regular monitoring of the "PT" which is the "prothrombin time" is necessary to adjust dosing. In most labs, the PT result, a time expressed in seconds, is coupled with an"INR" or international ratio. The INR is nothing more than a fraction, based on the ratio of the patient's INR compared to lab standards. An INR of 1.0 is right on normal, and an INR of 2.5-3.5 is typically where people will be kept when they're therapeutic on coumadin.The PTT, or "partial thromboplastin time" is another lab value expressed in units of seconds. It is not directly affected by coumadin administration because the test is designed to be sensitive to changes in the relative presence of a different set of clotting factors. Classic hemophiliacs will have a profoundly abnormal PTT, as will people who have received intravenous heparin, an anticoagulant given while people are in the hospital. Intravenous heparin is not typically given as a long term medication. It is given as a continuous infusion because it has a half life of only about 90 minutes. It can be given in a "low molecular weight" form as a periodic subcutaneous injection, but this is typically for the prevention of blood clots in people who are ill, and who are at risk for venous blood clots in the legs due to inactivity. LMWH unfortunately does not affect the PTT value, and cannot easily be checked for effect. In oddball cases where that would be desireable, the only lab value that is altered is something called an "activated factor ten assay" . but thats probably more information than you need! ;)One final class of important anticoagulants involves the anti-platelet medications. This class is especially important in people who have atherosclerosis and peripheral vascular disease. This group of patients suffers from carotid artery disease, coronary artery disease, decreased blood flow to the legs, and usually some degree of high blood pressure. In patients who develop these rough atherosclerotic plaques on the insides of arteries, there is a strong risk of small clots forming on the surfaces of plaques that subsequently break loose and float away in the blood stream, only to wedge in the later microvessels and cause damage. This is the most common mechanism for heart attack and stroke. The anticoagulants that help in this situation are anti-platelet medications. Platelets are tiny cells which are intimately involved in clot formation. By interfering with their chemical contribution to clotting, the risk of heart attack or stroke is substantially reduced. Medications in this class include things like aspirin, plavix, and ticlid. By preventing platelet aggregation, microclots on the surfaces of ruptured plaques are prevented. These medicines do not affect either the PT or the PTT, and judging their effectiveness is much more clinical in nature. In general, the side effects such as bleeding gums and easy bruisability or even spontaneous internal bleeding are watched for. In their absence, standard dosing is followed. There does exist a study called the "bleeding time" which is substantially platelet dependent, however it is impractical to use in order to monitor anti-platelet medications. In the bleeding time study, a tiny standardized cut is made in the skin, and the time it takes to stop bleeding is recorded!. I hope that helped!

PTT / INR %26or PTOne is used to monitor coumadin therapy which is a blood thinner. The other I believe checks heparin therapy another blood therapy but used for short time where coumadin would be long term therapy. So PT / INR

which scientific invention has serverd the human being the most?

2009-11-07T06:38:00.002-08:00

Answers:
Sterilization. Joseph Lister used to deliver babies on the same tables that they'd just had a corpse on, and when babies started constantly dying he suggested that the doctors wash their hands between patients and clean the area -- I think you can imagine the rest of this story, with them laughing at him and telling him to stuff it.

the gun

Electricity.

the web, and wireless technology.

The Wheel

In medicine, probably penicillin. Before its widespread use, more soldiers died of infection than directly from wounds. We would still be dying from tonsillitis if not for penicillin.In general health, the invention of the closed sewer, almost immediately after its use started in London, sanitation improved and cholera and other diseases were eliminated.Invention which has served us the most: probably either telephone or radio, allowing communication over long distances.

in modern times, PCR

Manufacturing electrical wiring. Without wiring there is no electricity or communications and without electricity we're back to fire, lanterns and horses.

Which school or college offer online courses in pharmacy/ pharmacology or training in pharmacy technician?

2009-11-07T06:38:00.001-08:00

Answers:
I don't think there are any online courses. You know if you want to save 10 months of school and $9000 dollars (that's what it is in Arizona anyway), you can just study some pharmacy technician books and take the National Certification Test on your own. If you pass you'll become a certified pharmacy technician (CPhT). That's what I did. I was 18, had no money, so I studied all one summer and took the test (which was three hours long!) and passed. Just thought I'd let you know, save you some time and money. Go to this website to register.

which research topics in biomedical science are considered very important and why?

2009-11-07T06:38:00.000-08:00

Answers:
Topics related to restore dysfunctional organs/systems. For example, how do you fix nerve damges, fix someone's kidney/liver other than doing transplants.

the a51research bomb the secreat bomb nade from alien craft that can wipe out a 500 mile radious in 17 seconds flat and it nucluear

gentraphy is very important .

Which pharmaceutical products are going off-patent between 2007 and 2010?

2009-11-07T06:37:00.003-08:00

Answers:
Those who have more side effects than benefits or/and those who haven"t been enough tested on humans.

Viagra for one

not sure but I think a lot of them should because most of them don't work anyways

Which pharmaceutical medicine is manufactured using anthranilic acid?

2009-11-07T06:37:00.002-08:00

Anthranilic acid is a precursor chemical used in dye intermediate and used in the illicit manufacture of methaqualone and mecaloquolone.
Answers:
Anthranilic acid is an aromatic amine which occurs physiologically as a metabolite of the amino acid tryptophan.Vitamin L is a trade name.An antirheumatoid pharmaceutical composition (don't know the trade name).

dont u konw it, will get back to you wen i find it out

Which patient should have a priority?

2009-11-07T06:37:00.001-08:00

What's the primary task of this scenario? Nurse A is assigned to step down unit where she is scheduled to work with 4 other nurses. She is scheduled to get the first admission. Currently the floor census is 8 patients. The assingnment:
NURSE A1)Craniotomy- three days post. surgery.fights out of bed. He has one to one sitter and he is restrained.
2)MI- second day. Oriented x 3, free from painNURSE B3)TURP on CBI with light red outflow, oriented x3
4)cerebral bleed, unresponsive. Currently on ventilator for 4 weeks with no change in status.NURSE C5)COPD exacerbation
6) Brain stem infarct. Recovering. Oriented X 3. Has slurred speech and dysphagia. In the hospital for 3 days.NURSE D7) New admission that is being worked up for R/O MI. No chest pain currently.
8) Jaundice , pruritus and elevated liver enzymes. Patient on Demerol and Vistaril IM for severe colicky abdominal pain. I'm struggling to finish my homework. I appreciate your help.
Answers:
B - Bleeding usually has to be stopped first.

the cerebral bleed should come first if the bleeding is new.
next I would take the jaundice patient.
when I was on the air force, we triaged pts simple first, life-threatening last. in the real world, always start on the non-stable and work back to stable or no change.

#5 the COPD patient. Here is my reasoning:#1- has sitter and is in 4 points;
#2- status post MI - stable
#3- sounds like normal post-op drainage.
#4- Gorked - no change, not gonna change
#6- stable
#7- waiting for blood results
#8- pain management in progress. Might need a stronger med order - but sounds stable to me.

Which part of the Human Brain is in charge of Bladder Control?

2009-11-07T06:37:00.000-08:00

Hahahahaha just try and answer this tricky question, correctly!
Answers:
THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM 1. THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM REGULATES ACTIVITIES THAT ARE AUTOMATIC, OR INVOLUNTARY. 2. The Nerves of the Autonomic Nervous System CONTROL Functions of the body that are NOT UNDER CONSCIOUS CONTROL. 3. The Autonomic Nervous system seems to be concerned with striking a balance or MAINTAINING HOMEOSTASIS IN THE FUNCTIONING OF MANY ORGANS OF THE BODY. EXAMPLES: CONTRACTION IN THE HEART, DIGESTION, HEART RATE, BREATHING, SALIVATION, AND BLADDER. 4. THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM IS FURTHER SUBDIVIDED INTO TWO PARTS: A. THE SYMPATHETIC DIVISION B. THE PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION 5. The TWO parts have OPPOSITE EFFECTS on the ORGANS they control. (See Table 49-1) 6. Most organs controlled by the Autonomic Division are under control of both Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Neurons. EXAMPLE: Heart Rate is SPEEDED UP by the Sympathetic Nervous System, and it is
SLOWED DOWN by the Parasympathetic Nervous System. 7. The Sympathetic Division generally ACTIVATES ORGANS or SPEEDS UP. 8. The Parasympathetic Division generally RETARDS ORGANS or SLOWS DOWN.

it is located on the right side, just not sure what it is called.

n the infant, urination/voiding/micturition is purely a local reflex centered in the lower portion of the spinal cord. In infants two years old and under, involuntary voiding occurs whenever the bladder is sufficiently full. This results in stretch receptors in the urinary bladder wall transmitting impulses to a special area in the spinal cord known as the sacral micturition center. The sacral micturition center responds by causing detrusor muscle contraction of the bladder.Between the ages of 2 and 3 as the child's nerves, muscle and brain mature, a special area in the brain gradually develops. Simultaneously, the development of special nerve pathways to that center allows the child to detect a sensation of bladder fullness.The next stage in the child's maturity occurs when the area in the lower part of the brain, known as the pontine micturition center, develops enough to coordinate sphincter relaxation during voiding.During the last stage of development, the young child learns conscious bladder control , and during toilet training, develops the ability to inhibit the bladder center in the lower spine (back). Continence during sleep results from the unconscious inhibition of detrusor muscle contraction by an area in the brain known as the basal ganglia).The pudendal nerve is responsible for contraction of the pelvic floor musculature and is under voluntary control, thus also playing a role in voiding.

I do not think the bladder is controlled by the brain. I believe it is an voluntary muscle.

Quite frequently, no part is in control.

The car driving part.

It's the hypothalamus, it also regulates hunger, temperature and sweating I believe.

Bladder has its own control and it is not under control of brain

Dang. now i gotta pee just cause i read your question.!

which part of the brain regulates body temperature?

2009-11-07T06:36:00.002-08:00

Answers:
Thermoregulating centers (anterior and posterior) are located at the brain's hypothalamus. The anterior center is concerned with heat dissipation by vasodilation and sweating related to parasympathetic activity while the posterior center is concerned with conserving heat by vasoconstriction and shivering and related to sympathetic activity is upset to produce a positive heat balance and raise the body temperature above normal.鈾?

the Hypothalamus..

actually is the thyroid glad

The Hypothalamus.This is one of its many functions.Tiger Striped Dog MD

hypothalamus

the thermostat

The hypothalamus regulates temperature. It has a natural set point that it strives to keep the body at where functioning is optimal. You get a temperature when you are sick because the hypothalamus increases the temperature set point. This causes an unhealthy environment for the invading organisms and causes them to die. So a slight temperature when you are sick is good to get rid of the bad stuff. (99-101). The thyroid is associated with temperature because an under or over active thyroid gland is assoiciated with intolerance to heat or cold.

Hypothalamus

your nuts

The hypothalumus controlls many body functions, and body temperature is one of the many that it does.

Oh dear Sweet B - if your thyroid gland is in your brain, you are a medical enigma. It is actually in the front of your neck..

hey
hyppothalamus controls homeostasis of the body including body temp.

hypothalamus

which part of the brain is the center for breathing?

2009-11-07T06:36:00.001-08:00

Answers:
The respiratory center in the brain is at the center in the Medulla Oblongata and Pons that integrates sensory information about the level of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood and determines the signals to be sent to the respiratory muscles.The medulla contains nuclei for regulating blood pressure and breathing, as well as nuclei for relaying information from the sense organs that comes in from the cranial nerves. The pons contains nuclei that relay movement and position information from the cerebellum to the cortex. It also contains nuclei that are involved in breathing, taste and sleep. 鈾?

don't know the formal name, but it is in the back and towards the bottom

I believe it's the cerebellum, the part of your brain in the lower back right where your spinal cord enters your head.
It control involuntary actions like Heartbeats, breathing, blinking, reflexes (hot stove), and fight or flight response.It's really interesting stuff, glad you asked!Check out www.howstuffworks.com for even more!

Which over-the-counter medications can produce a false-positive for cocaine drug screening?

2009-11-07T06:36:00.000-08:00

Answers:
Okay, i'm getting bored of posting this, but i shall again! this is the false positive drug table
Medications %26 Substances Causing False Positives
According to a report by the Los Angeles Times New Service, a study of 161 prescription and over the counter medications showed that 65 of them produced false positive results in the most widely administered urine test. Ronald Siegel, a psychopharmacologist at UCLA said 'The widespread testing and reliance on tell-tale traces of drugs in the urine is simply a panic reaction invoked because the normal techniques for controlling drug use haven't worked very well. The next epidemic will be testing abuse."Byrd Labs has in its possession an internal document from the Syva Company, makers of the widely used EMIT test. This document, leaked by a disillusioned company employee, lists more than 250 over-the-counter medications and prescription drugs that can cause false positives.Substances that cause False Positive Drug Test ResultsTHC - Substances or Conditions which can cause false positives
Dronabinol (Marinol)
Ibuprofen; (Advil, Nuprin, Motrin, Excedrin IB etc)
Ketoprofen (Orudis KT)
Kidney infection (Kidney disease, diabetes) Liver Disease
Naproxen (Aleve)
Promethazine (Phenergan, Promethegan)
Riboflavin (B2, Hempseed Oil)Amphetamines - Substances or Conditions which can cause false positives
Ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, propylephedrine, phenylephrine, or desoxyephedrine
(Nyquil, Contact, Sudafed, Allerest, Tavist-D, Dimetapp, etc)
Phenegan-D, Robitussin Cold and Flu, Vicks Nyquil
Over-the-counter diet aids with phenylpropanolamine (Dexatrim, Accutrim)
Over-the-counter nasal sprays (Vicks inhaler, Afrin)
Asthma medications (Marax, Bronkaid tablets, Primatine Tablets)
Prescription medications (Amfepramone, Cathne, Etafediabe, Morazone,phendimetrazine, phenmetrazine, benzphetamine, fenfluramine, dexfenfluramine,dexdenfluramin. mephentermine, Mesocarb, methoxyphenamine, phentermine,amineptine, Pholedrine, hydroymethamphetamine, Dexedrine, amifepramone, clobenzorex,fenproyorex, mefenorex, fenelylline, Didrex, dextroamphetamine, methphenidate, Ritalin,pemoline, Cylert, selegiline, Deprenyl, Eldepryl, Famprofazone) Kidney infection, kidney disease, Liver disease, diabetesOpiates - Substances or Conditions which can cause false positives
Poppy Seeds
Tylenol with codeine
Most prescription pain medications
Cough suppressants with Dextromethorphan (DXM)
Nyquil
Kidney infection, Kidney Disease
Diabetes, Liver DiseaseEcstacy - Substances or Conditions which can cause false positives
Ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, propylephedrine, phenylephrine, or desoxyephedrine
(Nyquil, Contact, Sudafed, Allerest, Tavist-D, Dimetapp, etc)
Phenegan-D, Robitussin Cold and Flu, Vicks Nyquil
Over-the-counter diet aids with phenylpropanolamine (Dexatrim, Accutrim)
Over-the-counter nasal sprays (Vicks inhaler, Afrin)
Asthma medications (Marax, Bronkaid tablets, Primatine Tablets)
Prescription medications (Amfepramone, Cathne, Etafediabe, Morazone,phendimetrazine, phenmetrazine, benzphetamine, fenfluramine, dexfenfluramine, dexdenfluramine,Redux, mephentermine, Mesocarb, methoxyphenamine, phentermine, amineptine, Pholedrine, hydroymethamphetamine, Dexedrine, amifepramone, clobenzorex, fenproyorex, mefenorex, fenelylline, Didrex, dextroamphetamine, methphenidate, Ritalin, pemoline, Cylert, selegiline, Deprenyl, Eldepryl, Famprofazone) Kidney infection, kidney disease
Liver disease, diabetesCocaine - Substances or Conditions which can cause false positives
Kidney infection (kidney disease)
Liver infection (liver disease)
Diabetes
Amoxicillin, tonic waterIn the news.
Hair Tests catch more blacks than whites
Drug Tests Bring Worries Of Accuracy
ACLU complaints more than splitting hairs
Antibiotics Cause False Positives on Heroin TestsAmong the items reported as causing false positive test results are:
Pain relievers such as Advil, Nuprin, Motrin and menstrual cramp medications like Midol and Trendar. All drugs containing the widely used pain reliever Ibuprofen are known to cause positive samples for Marijuana. Non-steroidal anti inflammatories such as Naproxyn have cross reacted in blind tests. These are often prescribed for runners, sports injuries to joints, and those suffering from arthritis.Syva labs has recently reworked its Cannabinoid test and claims to have eliminated this problem. But a Science magazine article (July 8, 1988) lists Ibuprofen as cross reactive. Under the new government guidelines THC testing levels will be reduced to 50 nanograms. Many more THC false positives can be expected in 1994.Dristan Nasal Spray, Neosynephren, Vicks Nasal Spray, Sudafed, etc. and others containing ephedrine or pnenypropanolamine. Over the counter appetite suppressants which contain propanolamine. Most common nasal decongestants can cause a positive reading for Amphetamines. As the cross reactive list suggests at the back of this booklet, amphetamine false positives are the most common. Recent articles in the Journal of Clinical Chemistry ,Vol. 38 No.12 1992 and Vol. 39 No.3 1993 warn that medications containing chloropromazine, fluspirilene, and others may yield a positive when tested for amphetamines.Vicks Formula 44M containing Dextromethorphan, and Primatene-M containing perylamine as well as the pain reliever Demerol, and prescription anti-depressant Elavil test positive for opiates up to three days. Even Quinine water can also cause a positive reading for opiates.Poppy Seeds such as the ones on a bagel from your favorite deli, etc. The journal of Clinical Chemistry Vol.33 No.6, 1987 reports: "the quantities of poppy seed ingested in this study (25 and 40 g) may be expected to be contained in one or two servings of poppy seed cake. Therefore, poppy seeds represent a potentially serious source of falsely positive results in testing opiate abuse." Clinical Chemistry goes on to conclude: Not only is it difficult to distinguish heroin or morphine abuse from codeine, but dietary poppy seeds can give a strong positive result for urinary opiate of several days duration that is confirmed by GC/MS analysis".Nyquil Nighttime Cold Medicine will test positive for Methadone up to two days.Antibiotics. Certain newly developed antibiotics have cause positive samples urine tests. Ampicillin is suspect. Amoxicillin has caused positives for cocaine.Diazepam tests positive for PCP as well as the ingredient in some cough medicines, Dextromethorophan.Your own enzymes. A small fraction of the population excrete large amounts of certain enzymes in their urine which can produce a positive drug test. Dr. John Morgan of the Dept. of Pharmacology of New York City University writes: "A false positive test could occur in some individuals because they excrete unusually large amounts of endogenons lysozyme or malate dehydrogenase." Dr. Morgan judges that natural enzyme interference may run as high as 10% of positive samples.Black Skin. This is not a joke! Those of African origin, certain Orientals, or pacific Islanders might test positive for marijuana. Dr. James Woodford, a toxicologist associated with Emory University labs hypothesized the pigment melanin which protects the skin from the sun, approximates the molecular structure of the THC metabolite to cross react on the marijuana urine test. Dark skinned Caucasians such as those from the subcontinent of India could also read positive on marijuana tests. The body eliminates some melanin in a dark person's urine sample.Passive marijuana inhalation. If you attend a rock concert or ride in a car where marijuana is smoked nearby, even if you do not partake, the second hand marijuana that you might inhale may give your test a positive result for several days.

not sure. but for marijuana they said it is poppy seeds from a bagel.

allergy medicines and some cough medicines. most weight medicines. the ones that have an ingredient that end with
-emines

I think its those flu symptom thingumys that you stick up yer nose. Sorry cant remember name of the stuff. Try checking olympic ski team doctors banned medication list.

Which other animals besides humans can get leprosy?

2009-11-07T06:35:00.003-08:00

Answers:
Leprosy, also known as Hansen's disease, is an infectious disease caused by the Mycobacterium leprae bacterium that can lead to disfiguration of the body or skin.
Aside from humans, other creatures that are known to be susceptible to leprosy are the armadillo, mangabey monkeys, rabbits, and mice (on their footpads).

Armadillo,
Honestly it is sad,thousands have been used in research
I believe I heard that the illness has reached the natural habitat.

Armadillos carry leprosy, but I'm not certain they acquire the symptoms of leprosy.

7-banded armadillos

Leprosy (Hanson's disease) as such is mostly a disorder of humans. The armadillo connection is that the organism that causes leprosy (Mycobacterium leprae) is extraordinarily difficult to grow in culture and from there to study. Odd as it sounds, armadillo's can host and be infected by the bacterium as can the footpads of mice. Most cases of leprosy can be successfully treated with a combination of drugs, largely putting an end to the "leper colonies" that used to exist.

a leopard??

Which other animal tissue is transplantable to human beside pigs' ?

2009-11-07T06:35:00.002-08:00

Answers:
Of all animals, baboons and pigs are the favored xenotransplant donors. Baboons are genetically close to humans, so they're most often used for initial experiments. Six baboon kidneys were transplanted into humans in 1964, a baboon heart into a baby in 1984, and two baboon livers into patients in 1992.In addition to primates, organs for xenotransplantation have been taken from pigs and sheep.

maybe like a snake - I a snake a lady

A donkey's butt, look at George W Bush's face the operation was a success.

bovine

I think some types of monkeys but Im not sure which kinds/

John Doe is correct.
in some rare circumstances bovine tissue can be used

rats.

I had my happy place chopped off in an accident in a car accident and in the accident I killed a 8 foot python so I picked the dead snake to the hospital and they sowed it on in place of my happy thing now it has a mind of it's own when I see a cute girl it snakes out some how!

in 1984, there was a big controversy about Baby Fae who was given a baboon heart transplant. The baby died after 20 days.

Which organisation has these among its objectives and aims :?

2009-11-07T06:35:00.001-08:00

'The attainment by all peoples of the highest possible level of health' and 'Health for all by the Year 2000'?
Answers:
World Health Organisation. just a guess. just checked..yep it is the WHO.. well they failed on that one!!

world health org, i think.

This is the stated purpose of The World Health Organization (WHO).

WHO (World Health Organization)
-part of UN

which organ of our body has more supply of blood?

2009-11-07T06:35:00.000-08:00

Answers:
The brain

The heart.

isn't it the spleen or the liver??

your genitals

the brain, which requires the largest percentage of oxygen in your body.

brain

THE INTEGUMENT. Skin is greater in size considerably than any other organ , and has a vast network of arteries capalaries and veins for heating / cooling along with nourishing skincells hair follicles etc.the brain gets more fresh blood flow for the o2, the bones/ long bones esp. / make blood. the liver refreshes it by filtering out toxins. lungs remove co2 and insert o2..

The Brain The brain is highly metabolically active, yet has no effective way to store oxygen or glucose. It depends on a large and stable blood supply.The brain is approximately 2% of body weight, but uses ~15% of cardiac output and accounts for 25 % of oxygen consumption.Autoregulation of cerebral blood supply maintains a consistent flow of blood to the brain. However, local flow-rates vary, dependent upon which part of the brain is active at any given time. http://users.ahsc.arizona.edu/davis/bloo.

heart (to pump it) %26 probably lungs (to fill it with oxygen)

brain

the brain takes 30% of your blood supply

Ithink it is brain

The brain

which one's better - plastic surgery or Cosmetic Surgery ??

2009-11-07T06:34:00.003-08:00

Answers:
I will use the analogy of a tree. Plastic surgery is a sub-specialty in the feild of surgery, where surgery is the trunk of the tree and plastic surgery is a branch of the tree. Other branches on this tree are orthopedic surgery, vascular surgery, gynocological surgery, and ect. The leaves on each branch represent sub-specialties within each specialty. For example, some orthopedic surgeons will do hip replacements while others will orthroscopic knee repairs. Some vascular surgeons will focus on large blood vessels while others will work on small blood vessels. Like other specialties, plastic surgery has many leaves on its branch, one of these leaves is cosmetic surgery. To answer your question, there is no better and there is no worse. Cosmetic surgery is a general term used to describe a subset of work that a liscenced plastic surgeon can perform if their training permits.

They're the same thing..

neither, grow old gracefully

Is this a trick question? They're the same damn thing.

yeah that would be like asking which is better apples or apples.

Neither. Anyone who's had it done has lived to regret it. As time wears on the scars become visible. Go to an upper end supermarket and spend some time there, you'll see plenty of evidence.

They are the same. Both cut. Both are used to enhance or change an appearance. "Plastic Surgery" might be used to correct an injury to a hand, or a burn, "Cosmetic Surgery" might be used to remove fat, do a rhinoplasty or a face lift. Both involved surgery -- repeat SURGERY so they are identical in the method used.

Cosmetic surgery is a general term. A better question would be what is the difference between a cosmetic surgeon and plastic surgeon. Cosmetic surgeons generally are specialist of a various things other than plastics such as ear, nose, and throat ENT or oral surgeons (specialized dentists). There are opthamologists (eye doctors) that do cosmetic surgery. All can do good surgery and all can do bad. Ask your primary care doctor for a referral and aways get a second opinion.

Plastic Surgery does include cosmetic surgery. But the difference is in the depth of the technique.Cosmetic surgery uses cuts and sutures to remove wrinkles and blemishes.Plastic Surgery alters the physical makeup of the face and body.

Same thing,they are both good.

which one should I chose? studying medicine in Egypt or go to the US and study it there?

2009-11-07T06:34:00.002-08:00

I'm a little confused, I'd like to take my degree from the US but I'm just wondering which one is better, take my MD from Egypt and then take my residency from the US or take my MD from the US as well as the residency?, which one would be better?
Answers:
Any choice that allows being in the US rather than Egypt
sounds like a wise one.

It depends which one you are comfortable with. Or depends which has more offers. If you like Egypt better than go ahead, if the US then stay here. If there are better opportunities in Egypt then go there.

Depends where you want to live. If you want to stay in Egypt , you can study there. However, if you're planning on moving to the States later on, then you better do it in the States. You have to check out if you get your degree in States if you can practice in Egypt. CHeers.

i think u shud study medicine in egypt n then go to US to do residency.
my point is that:
from ur statement .. it seems that u belong to egypt.. so its better that u study there.. cuz we all need a family to turn to when we'r feelin down etc. n it will also be cheaper to study in egypt.. cuz studyin medicine in the US is verrrrry expensive.
n then if u wanna go to US .. u can give USMLE .. n then do ur residency there!

Iraq would be better.

It is frequently difficult for international medical graduates to get a quality residency position in the U.S. So, if you choose to study medicine in Egypt, you should be prepared to have a harder time matching into a residency here. Also, the method of training is significantly different between the two countries. If you hope to do your residency here, then you should study medicine here.

hi! u know what i had the same questions when i started out in medical school. I live in the Philippines, but if course I'd like to have the best medical education I can get. So now, I'm studying here in our country and my plan is to have my residency in the States. Your grades and clinical performance will determine your chances later. Besides, lots of doctors do that here and they got in anyway. So what do you have to lose if you study medicine in Egypt, and be near your family and all that, and have your residency in the States? Nothing. Hope I helped you out a little.

If u have resources and u can afford tuition in US ,definitely study in US.Foreign graduates have to work harder than US graduates to get into really good programs,esp. if one is not US citizen.

which one of the following control methods would help prevent cattle from becoming infected with beef tapeworm

2009-11-07T06:34:00.001-08:00

A. Treat infected cow hands before allowing them to take care of the cattle
B. Keep all dogs off the pasture
C. Do fecal exams on all cows and treat tall that are found to have proglottids in the feces
D. Fence pasture to keep out deer
Answers:
Whats the intermediary host, man, dogs or deer?

I should think it's C.

Which one is worse?

2009-11-07T06:34:00.000-08:00

Cigarette or alcohol addiction?
Answers:
Cigarette addiction is harder to get under control because it is socially acceptable to smoke many places and nobody knows how many you have had the same way if one drinks many drinks they get sloppy.

Which is better- electric chair or lethal injection?

cigarette.

one is equally as bad as the other. the only thing worse is a smoking alcoholic.

alcohol. although alcohol addiction is NOT a disease (a disease can afflict a human all by itself,no help needed) . just wanna clear up that common misunderstanding created by people who want to make money off of treating alcoholism.

Alcohol addi. is worse
my friend died becouse of that

They are both very difficult disorders, each with their own specific problems. Since both "drugs" have had social acceptance, the background for developing the addiction has been in place for a number of years. Healthwise, each presents its own set of problems: For example, cigarette smoking leads to enhanced risk of cardiovascular disease, lung cancer, oropharyngeal cancers, peripheral vascular disease, etc. Alcohol addiction leads to increased risk for liver disease, pancreatic disease, brain disorders, etc. Each of them has their own particular set of social problems. Alcohol abuse often leads to job loss, family isolation, risks associated with damage and injury from impaired mental state. And let me add that addiction is absolutely a "disease" and not a moral choice.

I'd lean towards the alcohol addiction. some people turn into real A**holes when they drink and I'd think the withdrawal is worse. smoking is a habit, hand to mouth, coffee and a smoke, etc. it would be easier to quite smoking than quite drinking. if you don't get professional help with the drinking, you could have a seizure from not having the alcohol.
my take on this questions is what is worse, quitting smoking or quitting drinking..end answer, both bad habbits, but alcohol is worse

Which one is better?

2009-11-07T06:33:00.003-08:00

A BDS (Bachelor in dentistry ) or a graduation in biotechnology and then MBA ? I want to know which one has a great future prospect in India?
Answers:
Depends upon you interest. One does not get exhausted while doing over work or extra time work of ones own interest. The performance and efficiency also increases in that field.
So far as future prospect is concerned both a BDS and a Bio-tech. with MBA has a promising carrier.
As per survey, in India the number of BDS per capita (better say per 50 thousand capita) is very low as compared to the developed countries like USA. People have now started paying attention towards the dental hygiene in India. Thus the requirement of dental surgeons is going to increase. One can operate independently in this field.
Bio-Tech is an upcoming field. It is an important field for ecological balances and human health. Added with MBA will certainly give one a better option in the field of human health (pharmaceuticals). There are research options also in the Bio-Tech. However this will not require any MBA degree. There is little chance to work independently in this field.

current trend is --biotechnology and then MBA. if u r parents are in BDS u can opt it.. or else go for other.

In India? It doesn't matter.Try coming to America with those degrees, prospective employers will mock your education.Sad but true.

the bds

if you do graduation in biotechnology or microbiology and then mba you must have a vary bright future

u looking nice? ur figure is soperb? u tell flower in any body talk with u? than i said u take MBA. best of luck

Biotechnolgy + MBA (in pharmaceuticals or HR is suitable for biotech graduates)is a good combination.You will have a bright future for it either in india or abroad.Biotechnology is an upcoming field and there's a lot of scope for new research and development in this field.It takes a lot of time for a private practitioner to get established as a dental doctor.I dont think they earn much.However dentists in canada earn fat salaries.

i think M.B.A has better scope in india

My sincere advice to u is Do biotechnology and then do BDSOk bds will give u a Dr. before your name
but thats it.u have to do MDS after BDS to have a good practiceBut biotechnology has a lot of futureI am a doctor
So think before u take a plunge

In India biotechnology and then MBA is better

Which one is better in medicine? Americans or Germans?

2009-11-07T06:33:00.002-08:00

Answers:
Though Germans have made some outstanding accomplishments in medicine, Americans also developed some very useful treatments. It's difficult to say who's better. Germans lead in medicine, but America has developed some very museful medicines as well. I think if they share ideas, equipment, and work together, they can go farther than anyone in medicine. Ist das eine gute Idee?Now that I think of it, it seems like most of the most famous scientists were German (or some derivation of it). Germany has been around much longer than America has, so if you're going to count accomplishments in medicine, you'll probably have to only count the last 200 years or so.

Germans

Americans, I would guess.

germans
americans are lazy

Germans probably have more experience in the field, and more well-known pharmaceutical companies. I think you ought to pare your question down a little. It's too broad to be all that meaningful beyond broad sweeping generalizations.

The Germans are excellent chemists (probably the best in the world), but I'd have to lean toward the Americans because they have more financial incentive to have good pharmacies.

The American healthcare system is broken. The Germans excell at research.
See: I G Farben

Germans medicines comes No.1 place in the whole world,the reason behind it is that they follow the ancient method of preparing medicines from their ancestorsi.e.the Romans,on the other hand the Americans has only copied the method of ma kin medicines from Arman's.

Germans

Americans

Germans for sure. They have more well known drugs and pharmaceutical companies.

none
the Germans are coled blooded ''DON'T CARE''
the Americans are ''GENETICALLY DON'T CARE''

It depends which country you come from,and if you can understand the German language !

The Germans

The homeopaths.Germans!!.

Germans

which one is best? masters in pharmacology or masters in hospital pharmacy or other and why ?

2009-11-07T06:33:00.001-08:00

Answers:
I'm not a pharmacist but I would think pharmacology would encompass everything, whereas hospital pharmacy would be just that, very limited. Supposed you would like to change from the medical profession to say medical examiner. I would think if your going to get a Master's in anything you should make it worth your work.

best for what? what are your interests? try to satisfy that question when you pick a major.

depends on your interests.i'd take pharmaco.

I would look into getting a PharmD. I don't know that you would need much more schooling for it, and it's the preferred degree for work in the field of pharmacology. It will give you all the opportunities afforded by the previous degrees you mentioned.

as a pharmacy student.and hopefully be a successful pharmacist someday..
for me.it's very important to know the mechanism of action,, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, its adverse reactions, contrindications of a particular drug.
..if a pharmacist knows all these.then he/she could be a competitive one
.being master in pharmacology will help you a lot if you plan to work in a Hospital.especially when you are specializing Clinical pharmacy..
Mastering Hospital Pharmacy is not enough.and working in a hospital Pharmacy is useless if you don't have the knowledge in pharmacology.

which one has more job opportunities and which one is better to do? Nursing or Pharmacy?

2009-11-07T06:33:00.000-08:00

Answers:
It depends on what level of nursing you go into. RN's make up to 30 dollars an hour and it usually takes two years of college. Medical assistants make 10 to 14 dollars an hour depends on years of experience. I am a medical assistant and went to school for two years. If you go to school to be a pharmacist it takes I think 6 years but you can make lots of money.

Pharmacy requires a doctrate now.

i would choose nursing.

Both are very good, Pharmacy will pay more - if you are the owner.

pharmacy and it pays good too.

they are both big fields. Nursing is probably the bigger of the two, as there is so much need for them. But Pharmacy will pay you more. And you will also pay more to go to school for it.

Pharmacy.
No bed pans, dying people whining at you for stuff, and pukey babies (of all ages).
You deal with a lot of old people though. Still, it's better than bodily fluids.

nursing!

Nurses are needed everywhere and make good money. Pharmecists spend a long time in school, they find jobs fairly easily and make major bank. So, it depends on how long you want to stay in school and how much you want to make later on.

In the US, nurses are in short supply. They are often offered a large ($1000-3000) sign on bonus, and RN's make as much as $40 per hour.
HOWEVER---it is very hard work, and the profession has a high rate of burnout.
If you can handle pressure and emotions, be a nurse. If not, be a pharmacist.

Being a pharmacist pays better but you have to go to school longer. Being a nurse right now allows you to pick and choose where you work, but I think it is much harder work. I've heard it is typical in nursing to work long shifts, not have enough help and to generally be running from beginning to end. Which one is better? It depends on what your interests are and what would be the most rewarding for you.

I think Nursing, there is never enough good nurses

Job opportunities are about equal. Which is better to do? What do like to do yourself - give advice or give a hand? Count pills or count swabs? Would you like to be part of a surgical team? Would you like to be in charge of your own business? Descriptions
. RN - http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos083.htm.
. LVN - http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos102.htm.
. NursAidehttp://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos165.htm.
. Pharmacist - http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos079.htm.
. PharmTech - http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos252.htm.
.. PharmAide - http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos274.htm.Pharmacy PRO
. can be your own boss or work for a company or do research
. the chance to give lots of advice
. if you have a BS, you can get a PharmD in 2-4 years
. salaries can start in $80,000s
. more likely to have "normal" working hoursNursing PRO
. easier to travel
. hands-on caring - direct patient involvement
. lots of variety: hospital, clinic, home health
. if you have a BA, you can get an RN in 18 months
. you can get an RN from high school in 4-5 years
. salaries can start in $60,000s especially if you are willing to work nights and weekendsPharmacy CON
. longer to get a degree
. more science in curriculum
. less blood and hands-on stuff; not excitingNursing CON
. lots of bosses: all MDs, senior nurses, pharmacists
. lots of blood and hands-on stuff, sometimes dangerous

Which of these 2 chemicals would make the best muscle relaxant and why?

2009-10-24T18:37:00.001-07:00

Chemical A: binds and blocks acetylcholine receptors of muscle cellsChemical B: floods the cytoplasm of muscle cells with calcium ions
Answers:
I would say A.If ACh receptors are blocked, then the action potential chain reaction is never started, the sarcolemma's terminal cisternae are never activated (and so PREVENTS the release of calcium ions).The release of calcium ions is what opens the G actin active sites on the thin filament and allows the myosin heads to start tugging on them and causes tension in the muscle.

Flexaril is a great muscle relaxant. I have been taking it for quite some time with no problems. Someone on the list posted a few weeks ago that they spoke with their relative who is a doctor and he told them that Flexaril doesn't cause other problems and is not addictive.
Arthcare Oil is an Anti -Inflammatory Muscle Relaxant Massage Oil: The Best Herbal and Natural Solution for Joint Pain and Back Pain Relief

hey, im not 100 percent sure on this one, but i think if you flood the cytoplasm with calcium ions the muscles will contract and u want them to relax. so i would go with A. i think every muscle relaxant works with acetylcholine. to double check, do a search on Flexeril on webmd or any medical site. hope this helps

Chemicals Name**********.
Brand Name: Soma
Chemical Name: carisoprodolBrand Name: Flexeril
Chemical Name: cyclobenzaprine hydrochlorideBrand Name: Valium
Chemical Name: diazepamBrand Name: Robaxin
Chemical Name: methocarbamolBrand Name: Norflex
Chemical Name: orphenadrine citrate
**********.How It WorksMuscle relaxant medications relax muscles and may help reduce pain in people who have muscle spasms.
Why It Is UsedMuscle relaxant medications are used when muscle spasms develop because of pain caused by a herniated disc.Valium is not recommended for use by pregnant women, older adults, or people with depression or a history of drug or alcohol addiction.
How Well It WorksMuscle relaxant medications are usually helpful for reducing the pain of muscle spasms. Muscle relaxants may help to relax muscle spasms caused by a herniated disc; however, muscle relaxants will not affect the herniated disc itself.1 Side Effects
Side effects of muscle relaxant medications include: * Drowsiness.
* Dry mouth.
* Likelihood of addiction with regular use of diazepam (Valium) and carisoprodol (such as Soma).
* Urinary retention.

Cholinesterses have inconvenient side effects like drooping of eye lids constriction of pupils,decreasing intestinal motility etc. Calcium ions perpetuate muscle contractions.

Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

2009-10-24T18:37:00.000-07:00

A 31-year-old homosexual man presents complaining of pain with defecation. He denies any symptoms of diarrhea, abdominal pain, or fevers. Six months earlier, he developed traveler's diarrhea while vacationing in Mexico. On physical examination, he is afebrile and has an unremarkable abdominal examination. On examination of the perianal area, there is a group of five clustered ulcers adjacent to the anal orifice and extending into the anal canal. A sigmoidoscopy reveals normal rectosigmoid mucosa. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
Answers:
Ulcerative colitis

and the following is_________

could be hemmoroids that have bursted. could be bacterial/viral or a parasite. Could even be an STD. From the information given, I would think that the diarrhea situation had nothing to do with this. It is most probably hemmoroids but please don't rely on anyone's diagnosis here.. We aren't Dr. House or anything (from the TV show "House")

hemorroids

Fissures in ano.

which of the college give admission to foriegn students of pharmacy and accept a foriegn courses of pharmacy

2009-10-24T18:36:00.003-07:00

i searching for a college which give admission in pharmacy for foriegn student. and i have completed my pharmacy from india plz help me
Answers:
Many will. Don't pick a college based on what "they" will or won't accept. Choose the college "you" want to attend then contact them and discuss your background. Most schools are willing to work with you regardless of whether you are a foreign student or not and will transfer your credits as long as they are from an accredited school. Good luck.

Purdue University, not sure if you can transfer your credits though.

Which muscle is damaged when a person suffers from passive leakage?

2009-10-24T18:36:00.002-07:00

Is it internal or external anal sphincter? Facing an exam in a few weeks and currently kind of confused.List source, if possible =)
Answers:
Passive faecal incontinence or soiling--that is, faecal leakage without awareness--is usually associated with dysfunction of the smooth muscle tissue of the internal anal sphincter or with impacted stool in the rectum. Faecal urgency and urge incontinence are generally related to dysfunction of the striated muscle tissue of the external anal sphincter or to high bowel pressures and a normal sphincter, seen in patients with irritable bowel syndrome or diarrhoea from other causes.

Depends what is being passively leaked, and from what site.Example - passive leakage of blood back down the leg veins away from the heart would result from damaged vein valves.Passive leakage of brain fluid from the nose indicates a tear in the dura mater covering the brain.Passive leakage of information to inappropriate sources results from an injured sense of loyaltyPassive leakage of semen or any of its components thru the tip of the penis indicates damage to, at the very least, the valve that switches during orgasm to allow semen to flow from the penis, instead of urine.In the case of urine leakage, the likely culprit is the bladder outlet muscle, a muscle that sits at the base of the pelvis, and opens when we relax it in order to pass urine intentionally.Passive leakage of stool results from damage to the anal sphincter.So, in short, passive leakage of any liquid or other substance results from damage to whatever structure normally holds the said substance inside at the place of leakage.

which molecule attaches to the coenzyme A in Kreb's cycle?

2009-10-24T18:36:00.001-07:00

Answers:
oxaloacetate

The 4th step in the Krebs' cycle: The alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, which includes HS-CoA. The product is Succinyl-CoA. This is a key regulatory step in the Citric Acid Cycle.Oxaloacetate will react with Acetyl CoA (not plain CoA) to form citrate synthase. So if you were asking about Acetyl CoA, the answer is oxaloacetate, but if you're asking about CoA, it's the 4th step described above.

Which medicine is used to treat malaria? Where are the medicines derived from?

2009-10-24T18:36:00.000-07:00

Answers:
Malaria is derived from mala aria (Medieval Italian for "bad air") and formerly called ague or marsh fever in English, is an infectious disease which causes about 350-500 million infections with humans and approximately 1.3 - 3 million deaths annually, mainly in the tropics. Sub-Saharan Africa accounts for 85-90% of these fatalities. The death rate is expected to double in the next 20 years. The exact statistics are unknown because many cases occur in rural areas where people do not have access to hospitals and/or the means to afford health care. Consequently, many cases are undocumented.Malaria is caused by the protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium (of the phylum Apicomplexa), and the transmission vector for human malarial parasite is the female Anopheles mosquito. The P. falciparum variety of the parasite accounts for 80% of cases and 90% of deaths. Children under the age of five and pregnant women are the most vulnerable to the severe forms of malaria.
Treatments:There are several families of drugs used to treat malaria. Chloroquine was the antimalarial drug of choice for many years in most parts of the world. However, resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine has spread recently from Asia to Africa, making the drug ineffective against the most dangerous Plasmodium strain in many affected regions of the world.There are several other substances which are used for treatment and, partially, for prevention (prophylaxis). Many drugs can be used for both purposes; larger doses are used to treat cases of malaria. Their deployment depends mainly on the frequency of resistant parasites in the area where the drug is used.Currently available anti-malarial drugs include:Artemether-lumefantrine (Therapy only, commercial name Coartem)
Artesunate-amodiaquine (Therapy only)
Atovaquone-proguanil, trade name Malarone (Therapy and prophylaxis)
Quinine (Therapy only)
Chloroquine (Therapy and prophylaxis; usefulness now reduced due to resistance)
Doxycycline (Therapy and prophylaxis)
Mefloquine, trade name Lariam (Therapy and prophylaxis)
Primaquine (Therapy in P. vivax and P. ovale only; not for prophylaxis)
Proguanil (Prophylaxis only)
Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (Therapy; prophylaxis for semi-immune pregnant women in endemic countries as "Intermittent Preventive Treatment" - IPT) Before antibiotics, patients with syphilis were intentionally infected with malaria to create a fever. By accurately controlling the fever with quinine, the effects of both syphilis and malaria could be avoided.Preventions and controlMethods used to prevent the spread of disease, or to protect individuals in areas where malaria is endemic, include prophylactic drugs, mosquito eradication, and the prevention of mosquito bites. There is currently no vaccine that will prevent malaria, but this is an active field of research.

Early and effective chemo-therapy for malaria has a pivotal role in reducing morbidity and mortality especially since a vaccine is unlikely to emerge within the next decade. Multidrug resistance has been reported from most parts of the world and as a result, monotherapy or some of the available combination chemotherapies for malaria are either ineffective or less effective. New antimalarial regimens are, therefore, urgently needed and antimalarial combination chemotherapy is widely advocated. Antimalarial combinations can increase efficancy, shorten duration of treatment (and hence increase compliance), and decrease the risk of resistant parasites arising through mutation during therapy.
Combination therapy with antimalarial drugs is the simultaneous use of two or more blood schizontocidal drugs with independent modes of action and different biochemical targets in the parasite. The concept of combination therapy is based on the synergistic or additive potential of two or more drugs, to improve therapeutic efficacy and also delay the development of resistance to the individual components of the combination.Artemisinin based combinations are known to improve cure rates, reduce the development of resistance and they might decrease transmission of drug-resistant parasites. The total effect of artemisinin combinations (which can be simultaneous or sequential) is to reduce the chance of parasite recrudescence, reduce the within-patient selection pressure, and prevent transmission.

malaria is treated from a special herb scientifically called quinn is im sure its derived from the bark of a apecific tree the proccessed form of the herb is called chloroqinn and its used to treat malaria..

which medicine can reduce my tummy fat?

2009-10-24T18:35:00.003-07:00

Answers:
There is no medication that can target specific fat sites..ie: stomach. A healthy diet (including complex carbohydrates, lean protein, fruits and vegetables) and an increase in physical activity (ie: exercise) are the most important part of any weight-loss regimen. However, there are some medications on the market that can assist in weight loss. The over the counter "weight-loss" aids generally contain a diuretic or laxative which causes you to lose some water weight (not a long-term solution). Prescription medications can be appetite suppressants (eg: Ionamin, Tenuate), stimulants (eg: Meridia, Desoxyn) or fat blockers (eg: Xenical). These medications can have some serious side effects, but may be a short term "boost" for some people. It is important to weigh the risk vs. benefit for each individual person.

None.
You have to exercise.

non you need to diet and exercise

The best way is through diet and exercise. There are some products on the market that claim to reduce body fat. But they have not been studied well, and are not regulated by the food and drug administration. If you really want to try a medication, I would talk to your doctor first. And you can also do a Google search for the type of product you are looking for.

It's called a treadmill, stairmaster and a diet.

Medicine Name is intension for loosing the tummy

Get up early in the morning and in empty stomach drink the following mixture:- take a glass and fill it with luke warm water.
Add 2tablespoon of honey and lemon juice in it.Drink it and then do some exercise.After that attend the nature's call.You will lose 5kg in a month.Make sure to avoid fatty and oily food.

Exercise and a healthy diet.

which medical school does not require an "entire year of physics" as a prerequisite.?

2009-10-24T18:35:00.002-07:00

Answers:
Possibly some of the foreign schools, but you need two semesters at least to have the knowledge base to pass the physics portion of the MCAT, and quite likely will need that level of understanding for many of the concepts IN medical school. You might want to sign up for a semester at a community college or jr college to get some concepts and confidence under your belt before signing up for it at your primary institution.

it depends were you are living . in some countries you just need money to enter a good medical school.

Just take a complete year of physics. You will need that knowledge for the MCAT anyway.

you need to be able to understand physics to do medecine, and maths and chemistry and biology- it's a difficult course to do!

It would have to be a bad one! You need to understand physics in order to understand a lot of medicine and science .. so just suck it up, take physics and get it over with!

actually a lot of medical schools are willing to let you in medical school without the physics background as long as you take physics in your first year of med school. However, that doesnt excuse you from the physics portion of the MCATs and you would still have to take physics in med school.

University of Hong Kong, where I study now =P
But is an entire year of physics really that hard? I survived through 5 years anyway.