Which BRAIN structures are affected in: a)babinski's sign b)myclonus c)nystagmus?

they may not all be the same structure of the brain
Answers:
a) Babinski's sign is normal in children under two years old, but in older children and adults it indicates damage to the corticospinal tract. The term Babinski's sign also refers to a forearm reflex that indicates a spinal cord lesion.b) Myoclonus can be the result of injury to the peripheral nerves, but most cases involve the central nervous system. Typically, several locations in the brain are involved. On such location is the brainstem. Certain neurotransmitters are also likely involved, including recepotrs for serotonin and gamma-aminobutyric acid.c) There are a number of different types of nystagmus, which involve different structures. Some neurological causes of nystagmus include:
-vestibular imbalance
-central lesions invloving the central tegmental tract
-disease effecting the central white matter of the brain
-various brainstem disorders
-lesions of the medulla, the ventral tegmentum, the anterior vermis of the cerebellum, and the adjacent brachium conjunctivum and midbrain
-midbrain lesions

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a) babinski sign does NOT involve the brain. it's a reflex in the spinal cord. occurs in babies before nerves have properly fused with brain and in people where there is damage to any part of the pyramid tract.
b) many areas of the brain can be involved. can be cortex, sub-cortex or spinal cord.
c) can be due to vestibular apparatus (outside brain), can be due to mid-brain or pons injury, can be due to visual pathways or sensory tracts.

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